Softeners, dishwashers

U.S. commercial products were selected for rheological characterization, demonstrating the breadth of rheology exhibited by current household and personal care products. Products include fabric softeners, dishwashing liquids, laundry detergents, shampoos, and dentifrices. 

Diisodecyl adipate Dioctyl azelate softener, cream rinses Polyquaternium-2 Ricinoleamidopropyl dimethylamine lactate softener, creams/lotions Cocamidopropyl dimethylamine propionate Maleated soybean oil softener, creme rinses Quaternium-18 methosulfate softener, cutting oils Isostearyl hydroxyethyl imidazoline softener, dairy PEG-9 oleate softener, dermatologicals Stearamide DEA softener, detergents Lauryl betaine softener, dishwashing Cocamidopropylamine oxide softener, dry skin care Isostearyl hydroxystearate softener, dryer sheets Quatemium-72 softener, dyeing... 

Trisodium phosphate is strongly alkaline many of its appHcations depend on this property. For example, many heavy-duty cleaning compositions contain trisodium phosphate as a primary alkalinity source. The crystalline dodecahydrate itself is marketed as a cleaning compound and paint remover. Traditionally, trisodium phosphate has been used in water softening to remove polyvalent metal ions by precipitation as insoluble phosphates. Because the hypochlorite complex of trisodium phosphate provides solutions that are strongly alkaline and contain active chlorine, it is used in disinfectant cleaners, scouring powders, and automatic dishwashing formulations. 

Mixtures containing sulfated castor oil were used to increase the lubricity of water base drilling fluids (123). Sulfated castor oil is also used in dishwashing compounds as a hand softener. A typical cleaning composition contains sodium dodecylben2ene sulfonate, sulfated castor oil, ethanol, and water. A sulfated derivative of castor oil is used as a dispersant for plaster of Paris, reducing the water needed to form a plastic slurry (124). Pesticide emulsions can be stabilized using ethoxylated castor oil (125). 

Appllca.tlons. The principal uses are in scouring cleansers and acid metal cleaners for dairy equipment. Use in dishwasher detergents has been supplanted by chlorinated isocyanurates, which are more cost-effective, more stable in hot water, and possess water softening properties. 

This section began with a class discussion about the importance of water softening and the different factors that influence water hardness. As an example of everyday situation, the efficiency of dishwasher Finish salt was presented. A set of short chemical experiments entitled Testing the dishwasher Finish salt was carried out as a wet laboratory task in groups of students (macro). Later on teachers explained one of those chemical experiments by the use of an animation and also by its 2D presentation with models then students in groups tried to write 2D representations for other chemical experiments (submicro). Students also tried to write down word and symbolic equations and to select the appropriate energy diagrams (symbolic). The results of students work were discussed and corrected when necessary. 

Water softener manufacturers remind us of the many undesirable effects produced by hard water. Besides enhancing the likelihood of harmful scale deposits in plumbing, water heaters, and dishwashers, hard water also has been associated with bathtub scum, deposits on laundry, scale on glasses and dishes, scratchy skin, and unmanageable hair. A simple chemical process explains the origin of hard water. Additional chemical reactions provide an explanation for the scum and deposits that readily form when soap and hard water combine. 

Conductivity sensors are most commonly used for safety purposes in household appliances. Presence and absence of washing liquor, detergency, and water softener can be easily measured and proper operation ensured [71]. The various applications mainly differ by their design of electrode geometry and methods for electrical measurement. Due to the close relation between ionic conductivity and water hardness, the automatic water softener in an automatic dishwasher can be controlled by a conductivity sensor [72]. To isolate the transmission of the measured value from the process controller, the conductivity sensor could incorporate an opto-electronical coupling [73]. Thus, protective insulation of the electrodes in a washer-dryer could be ensured. 

Monitoring the Level of Water Softener and Clarifier in a Dishwasher... 

The containers for water softener and clarifiers are situated in the door of the dishwasher. The reed sensor is mounted next to the plastic casing that contains a magnet in a protective foam housing, floating on the liquid. When the level drops to a certain point, the floater activates the reed sensor, which in turn directly operates an indicator light on the front panel. The operator of the dishwasher is then alerted that softeners and/or clarifiers need to be refilled. 

Casings, caps, framework of ventilation, fan blades, air filters, filters and pumps of industrial dishwashers, softeners, washing machines, detergent product vats, parts of pumps used for handling chemicals, frames, rollers of cables, parts with film hinge, electrical components, translucent parts, cases, pipes. .. 

Among the product bases whose pH usually lies outside the neutral range are acid and alkaline household cleaners cold wave lotions, hair straighteners, and depilatories (alkaline, pH > 10) and antiperspirants (acid, pH < 5). Fabric softeners are acidic, with pH values between 3 and 5. Machine dishwashing detergent powders are alkaline and contain perborates, which are oxidizing agents. 

Since phosphorus promotes plant growth, phosphates are excellent fertilizers for crops. (Phosphates are chemicals containing phosphorus. You will learn more about phosphates later in this unit.) Phosphates are also used as food additives, and as components in some medicines. In addition, they are an important part of dishwasher and laundry detergents. For example, sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) acts to soften water, and keep dirt suspended in the water. Before the 1970s, STPP was a major ingredient in most detergents. 

Use Water-softening, boiler-scale control, component of cleansers, laundry mixes, dishwashing compounds, pitch control in pulp industry, prevention of lime soap deposits in textile operations. 

The situation is different for products designed for light duty, such as for hand dishwashing and softening fabrics. These liquids are generally superior in performance to their powder counterparts to the extent that these existed in the first place. This is also true of shampoo formulations, for which there is no common solid equivalent. 

The consumer need for a milder dishwashing liquid was met in the early 1990s with the successful introduction of Palmolive Sensitive Skin and the milder positioning of Ivory LDLD. The use of nonionic and amphoteric surfactants resulted in clinically milder and less irritating products. In the last decade, however, further improving mildness was a significant objective for the major players in the LDLD market. Dawn Hand Care was the first to introduce protease, an enzyme that is claimed to soften skin by exfoliation of the top layer. 

The idea of a prespotter is to apply the product onto the soiled surface and allow it to stand at ambient temperature over a period of 30 to 60 minutes before cleaning in the dishwasher. This process allows the soil to soften and debond or the adhesive forces between the soil and the substrate to loosen. The conditioned soiled substrate can be easily removed by mechanical and chemical forces in the dishwasher. 

Amphoterge . [Lonza] Amphoteric surfactants wetting agent and detergent for shampoos, cleansers, dishwashing textile softener. 

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