Sodium Systems

AokI M I and Tsumuraya K 1997 Ab initio molecular-dynamics study of pressure-induced glass-to-crystal transitions In the sodium system Pbys. Rev. B 56 2962-8... 

Potassium Phosphates. The K2O—P20 —H2O system parallels the sodium system in many respects. In addition to the three simple phosphate salts obtained by successive replacement of the protons of phosphoric acid by potassium ions, the system contains a number of crystalline hydrates and double salts (Table 7). Monopotassium phosphate (MKP), known only as the anhydrous salt, is the least soluble of the potassium orthophosphates. Monopotassium phosphate has been studied extensively owing to its piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties (see Ferroelectrics). At ordinary temperatures, KH2PO4 is so far above its Curie point as to give piezoelectric effects in which the emf is proportional to the distorting force. There is virtually no hysteresis. 

Sodium is used as a heat-transfer medium in primary and secondary cooling loops of Hquid-metal fast-breeder power reactors (5,155—157). Low neutron cross section, short half-life of the radioisotopes produced, low corrosiveness, low density, low viscosity, low melting point, high boiling point, high thermal conductivity, and low pressure make sodium systems attractive for this appHcation (40). 

In some metal components it is possible to form oxides and carbides, and in others, especially those with a relatively wide solid solubility range, to partition the impurity between the solid and the liquid metal to provide an equilibrium distribution of impurities around the circuit. Typical examples of how thermodynamic affinities affect corrosion processes are seen in the way oxygen affects the corrosion behaviour of stainless steels in sodium and lithium environments. In sodium systems oxygen has a pronounced effect on corrosion behaviour whereas in liquid lithium it appears to have less of an effect compared with other impurities such as C and Nj. According to Casteels Li can also penetrate the surface of steels, react with interstitials to form low density compounds which then deform the surface by bulging. For further details see non-metal transfer. 

Metal soaps, emulsifiers, detergents, and dispersants, 8 710t Metal-sodium systems, 22 1191 Metals processing, noble gases in, 17 368-370... 

The number and nature of the buffers used depends on the complexity of the sample to be analysed. Hydrolysates of protein and foodstuff samples can be separated on a 3 or 4 buffer sodium system, whereas physiological fluids (which are inherently more complex) require the use of 5 lithium buffers. 

Lead systems El Nickel systems Sodium systems Lithium-ion systems... 

Equation 13 reduces to the Rayeigh equation (3) when the ratio of the gas-phase diffusivities, , is unity. Since gas-phase diffusivity is inversely proportional to the square root of the reduced mass, in the case of fission product-sodium systems where sodium has the smallest molecular weight, the above diffusivity ratio is less than unity. Therefore, the Rayleigh equation, which was derived on the basis of equilibrium vaporization, in fact represents an upper limit for the fractional fission-... 

This evidence supports the concept that the Ziegler polymerization of styrene is by catalysts with cationicities which lie between the cationic Friedel-Crafts system and the anionic alkyl sodium system. Its character can be shifted depending on the ratio of the aluminum to titanium. 

Ammonia-based chemicals appear to have some advantages over sodium systems. They are less costly, and regeneration by conventional means is possible, with the byproduct, ammonium sulfate, a marketable commodity for fertilizer. 

From HemleyJs work on the potassium system (11) one may infer that kaolinite, quartz, and K-mica ( illite) may be stable together, and the equilibrium constant [K+]/[H+] may be extrapolated, (from 200°C.) to 106 at 25°C.—e.g., Hollands (15) value of 10,50 O5. Hem-ley s work on the sodium system (12) in the same way indicates that quartz, Na-montmorillonite, and kaolinite can form a stable assemblage, and a somewhat risky extrapolation of the equilibrium ratio [Na+]/[H+] from 300° to 25°C. gives 107° (15). These ratios are not far from the corresponding ratios in sea water. One could not expect them to be exactly the same since the hydromica and montmorillonite phases in sea water are solid solutions, containing more components than the phases in Hemley s experiments. His experiments surely do not contradict the idea that the previously mentioned phases could exist together at equilibrium. 

The product slate for the lithium quench was even more complex, with approximately equal amounts of four products 1-ethyl naphthalene, l-(4-hydroxybutyl) naphthalene, 1-ethyl 1-protio, 4-deutero 4-protio naphthalene, and l-(4-hydroxybutyl) 1-protio, 4-deutero 4-protio naphthalene. Hydrogen gas, in the isotopic form HD, was evolved on quenching the lithium and sodium systems, but not the potassium system. 

The cat and the dog, on the other hand, possess taste systems that have little in common with rodents and goats. Not only do they have no sodium system, but their acid and amino acid systems are also markedly distinct. Although the cat and the dog have two systems, the acid and amino acid systems, in common, both also possess a taste system which the other does not the cat a nucleotide system and dog a furaneol system. 

The primates have been inadeguately studied, but those two with adequate single unit data suggest that the organization of primate taste systems is no simple matter. It is not obvious for instance, why the squirrel monkey may have an amino acid system like a carnivore and the macaque one like a rodent. The human taste system further complicates matters since man can best be viewed as a composite, having a sodium system like the rat and goat, carnivore acid and amino acid systems, a furaneol system like the dog and a glutamate system unlike any other mammal studied (14). 

Mutual antagonism between both cations in a cation pair was not observed in many cases. Mutual antagonism is a situation where each cation of a cation pair can antagonize the toxicity produced by the other. For example, in the ammonium—sodium system antagonism was observed with ammonium as the toxic cation while synergism was observed when sodium served as the toxic cation. 

On-Stream Reliability. The process can maintain continuous operation in the sodium systems and several months of prolonged operation in the calcium-based systems before brief cleanup periods are required. 

Cautions Safety in children less than 6 years is not known. Antacids Undiagnosed gastrointestinal or rectal bleeding, ulcerative colitis, colostomy, diverticulitis, chronic diarrhea. Laxative Diabetes mellitus or patients on low-salt diet (some products contain sugar and sodium). Systemic Severe renal impairment. 

Further work by Schulz and his co-worker has shown the results for the polymethylmethacryl sodium system to be influenced by the bifunctional nature of the living polymer employed, with in particular a contribution from an intramolecular association of ion pairs. This has led to a careful re-evaluation of the system using one-ended living polymer in the presence of excess of common ion salt, Na+BPh4 , with, for example, a resulting estimate for / p( ) at —73 °C of 168 s" somewhat higher than previously reported. 

In Figure 5.9, the electron diffraction data of our particles are in good agreement with the reported values of the carbyne monocrystal obtained by thermobaric treatment of a polyacetylene/sodium system [48]. The evaluated lattice parameters were uq =0.516 nm, co = 2.563 nm. The transmission electron micrograph shows that the hexagonal crystal flake of carbyne... 

There is no reorganization in a crystal of potassium Kurrol s salt even at temperatures near the melt temperature because there are no phase transitions in potassium Kurrol s salt crystals. In the sodium system the crystals of Kurrol s salt can suffer a phase transition. At a phase transition the chaos of the melt is recaptured over the interval of the transition. 

AJMALINE The alkaloid ajmaline is isolated from the root of Rauvolfia serpentine and other Rauvolfia species, family Apocynaceae (see section C02, Antihypertensives). Ajmaline has a very similar mode of action to quinidine. It works through retardation of the speed of depolarisation and repolarisation as well as a retardation of the reactivation of the sodium-system. Its sedative effect is weak. 

The reaction of alkylbenzenes which have at least one hydrogen atom on the benzylic position with olefins [7] occurs smoothly in the presence of the solid base catalyst (equation(5)). In this reaction, the catalyst prepared fi om y -alumina / potassium hydroxide/potassium metal is more effective than the sodium system. That may he due to the increased base strength of the solid base over the sodium system which corresponds to their XPS data. 

Cation size and charge are known to influence the selectivity of zeolite synthesis (1). For instance, faujasite synthesis is quite specific to sodium systems, whereas zeolite L is formed in the presence of potassium. The effects of cation composition on the distribution of silicate species has been examined by only a few authors. Ray and Plaisted (13.), using trimethylsilation/... 

As correctly pointed out by Sigwalt, had the same mechanism been operating in both systems, the same k values should be derived from either set of data. This is not the case, implying that the mechanism operating in the sodium system is different from that governing the polymerization of the cesium salt, and the participation of triple-ions in the sodium system looks like an attractive suggestion. 

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