Sodium system, phase diagram

Sodium chloride-water system, phase diagram of, 22 801—802 Sodium chlorite, 6 133 Sodium chloroacetate, 1 139—140 Sodium AT-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (chloramine B), 4 54 Sodium AT-chloroimidodisulfonate, 4 54... 

Boon, J.A., Carlin, R.T., Elias, A.M. and V lkes, J.S., Dialkylimidazolium-sodium chloroaluminate ternary salt system - phase-diagram and crystal-structure, J. Chem. Crystallogr. 25 (2), 57-62 (1995). 

Fig. 6. Phase diagram of the Na20—H2O—P20 (sodium orthophosphate) system at 25°C.

An example for a partially known ternary phase diagram is the sodium octane 1 -sulfonate/ 1-decanol/water system [61]. Figure 34 shows the isotropic areas L, and L2 for the water-rich surfactant phase with solubilized alcohol and for the solvent-rich surfactant phase with solubilized water, respectively. Furthermore, the lamellar neat phase D and the anisotropic hexagonal middle phase E are indicated (for systematics, cf. Ref. 62). For the quaternary sodium octane 1-sulfonate (A)/l-butanol (B)/n-tetradecane (0)/water (W) system, the tricritical point which characterizes the transition of three coexisting phases into one liquid phase is at 40.1°C A, 0.042 (mass parts) B, 0.958 (A + B = 56 wt %) O, 0.54 W, 0.46 [63]. For both the binary phase equilibrium dodecane... 

No phase diagram is available for the sodium-copper system. 

Figure 3. Phase diagrams of the system water sodium dodecyl sulphate/alkanols benzene (a) ethanol (b) 2-propanol (c) 1-propanol(d) 1-butanol (e) 1-pentanol (f) 1-hexanol (g) 1-heptanol.

Figure 10. Ternary phase diagram at 298°K for systems of methanol in triolein with surfactant systems of bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate, triethylammonium linoleate and tetradecyldimethylammonimum linoleate with 4/1 molar ratios of 2-octanol as co-surfactant.

Another way of ensuring that a glass surface is free of water or hydroxyl groups is to cover it with a film of sodium. This method was used when the melting point phase diagram for the system isobutene + titanium tetrachloride was determined (Longworth, Plesch and Rutherford, 1959 Plesch, 1972), but it cannot be used on silane-treated glass as the sodium will not spread on the waxy surface. 

Diphasic liquid systems used in CCC may have a wide variety of polarities. The most polar systems are the ATPS made by two aqueous-liquid phases, one containing a polymer, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG), the other one being a salt solution, for example, sodium hydrogen phosphate. The less polar systems do not contain water there can be two-solvent systems, such as heptane/acetonitrile or dimethylsulfoxide/hexane systems or mixtures of three or more solvents. Intermediate polarity systems are countless since any proportion of three or more solvents can be mixed. Ternary phase diagrams are used when three solvents are mixed together. 

Lower a small crystal of Glauber salt into the solution. Explain what happens. Draw curves of the solubility of anhydrous sodium sulphate and its crystallohydrates. Acquaint yourself with the phase diagram of the sodium sulphate-water system. In what parts of the diagram is the system invariant, monovariant, or divariant ... 

Using published data, draw a phase diagram of the sodium sulphate-water system. Proceeding from the phase rule, determine which parts of the diagram will characterize invariant, monovariant, and divariant systems. What is meant by the transition point ... 

The composition data obtained for the series of mixed fatty acid-potassium soap systems, prepared by both the ethanol and petroleum ether routes, lend strong support to the formation of 1 to 1 acid-soap complexes. It is of interest to inquire into the phase relationships in these two-component systems. A phase diagram presented by McBain and Field (15) for the lauric acid-potassium laurate system shows that compound formation takes place between the two components at the 1 to 1 molar ratio, but the compound undergoes melting with decomposition at 91.3 °C. [A similar type of phase behavior has been reported by us for the sodium alkyl sulfate-alkyl alcohol (9) and sodium alkyl sulfonate-alkyl alcohol (12) systems, but in these cases the stoichiometry is 2 to 1]. 

Figure 16.2. Some phase diagrams, (a) The water end of the system potassium chloride and water, (b) The water end of the system sodium chloride and water, (c) The water end of the system magnesium sulfate and water the heptahydrate goes to the mono at 150°C, and to anhydrous at 200°C. (d) /3-methylnaphthalene and /S-chloronaphthalene form solid solutions, (e) Mixtures of formamide and pyridine form a simple eutectic, (f) These mixtures form binary eutectics at the indicated temperatures and a ternary eutectic at mol fractions 0.392 dibenzyl, 0.338 diphenyl, and 0.27 naphthalene.

Figure 9. Phase diagram for the three-component system sodium octanoate-n-decanol-water at 20°C (1). Concentrations expressed as weight percent.

Solyom and Ekwall (20) have studied rheology of the various pure liquid crystalline phases in the sodium caprylate-decanol-water system at 20 °C, for which a detailed phase diagram is available. Their experiments using a cone-and-plate viscometer show that, in general, apparent viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate (pseudo-plastic behavior). Values of apparent viscosity were a few poise for the lamellar phase (platelike micelles alternating with thin water layers), 10-20 poise for the reverse hexagonal phase (parallel cylindrical micelles with polar... 

The phase behavior of surfactant systems is particularly complex because of the existence of numerous lyotropic (solvent-induced) liquid crystal phases (3). These phases, like liquids and crystals, are discrete states of matter. They are fluids, but their x-ray patterns display sharp lines signifying the existence of considerable structure. They are often extremely viscous because of their high viscosities and for other reasons they are difficult to study using conventional methods. This is evident from the fact that serious errors in the presumably well-established classical aqueous phase diagrams of soaps, sodium alkyl sulfates, monoglycerides, and... 

Numerous studies have been made into the phase equilibria in the Na20-B203-H20 system at 0-100°C (e.g., 135, 216, 217, 308), and more recently at 150° (96). A partial phase diagram for this system covering the range of mole ratio Na20/B203 to 0.5 in solution is shown in Fig. 6. Over 25 borates of sodium in the absence of other cations have been identified (307). 

The calculated results in the absence of electrolyte will be now compared with the experimental results obtained regarding a lamellar lyotropic liquid crystal SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate)/pentanol/water/dodecane swollen in a mixture of dodecane and pentanol.24 The weight fraction water/surfactant was 1.552 from the dilution line in the phase diagram, we calculated that the initial concentration of pentanol in the oil-free system was 29 wt % and the concentration of pentanol in the dodecane-based diluant was 8 wt %. The experimental values for the repeat distance were obtained from the X-ray diffraction spectrum (Figure 2 in ref 24) for various dodecane concentrations. 

In Figure 5, a speculative version of a phase diagram for the system Na WOs is shown, including the possible peritectoid isotherm. In this temperature region it is clear that the system is no longer pseudobinary, so that verification of the possibility shown here requires some control of the sodium vapor pressure. The eutec-... 

Borkovec et al. [59] also reported on a two-stage percolation process for the ME AOT (Aerosol OT, bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodium sulfosuccinate) system AOT-decane-water. The structural inversions were investigated using viscosity, conductivity, and electro-optical effect measurements. The viscosity results showed a characteristic profile with two maxima, which was interpreted as evidence for two symmetrical percolation processes an oil percolation on the water-rich side of the phase diagram and a water percolation process on the oil-rich side. 

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