Octane-, sodium

Cool the solution thoroughly in ice-water, and then make it alkaline by the cautious addition (with stirring or shaking) of a solution of 80 g. of sodium hydroxide in ca, 150 ml. of water. Now isolate the free tertiary amine by steam-distillation into hydrochloric acid, etc., precisely as for the primary amine in Stage (D), but preferably using a smaller flask for the final distillation. Collect the 2-dimethylamino- -octane, b.p. 76-78715 mm. Yield, 13-14 g. At atmospheric pressure the amine has b.p. 187-188°. 

Sodium acetate reacts with carbon dioxide in aqueous solution to produce acetic anhydride and sodium bicarbonate (49). Under suitable conditions, the sodium bicarbonate precipitates and can be removed by centrifugal separation. Presumably, the cold water solution can be extracted with an organic solvent, eg, chloroform or ethyl acetate, to furnish acetic anhydride. The half-life of aqueous acetic anhydride at 19°C is said to be no more than 1 h (2) and some other data suggests a 6 min half-life at 20°C (50). The free energy of acetic anhydride hydrolysis is given as —65.7 kJ/mol (—15.7 kcal/mol) (51) in water. In wet chloroform, an extractant for anhydride, the free energy of hydrolysis is strangely much lower, —50.0 kJ/mol (—12.0 kcal/mol) (51). Half-life of anhydride in moist chloroform maybe as much as 120 min. Ethyl acetate, chloroform, isooctane, and / -octane may have promise for extraction of acetic anhydride. Benzene extracts acetic anhydride from acetic acid—water solutions (52). 

Sodium amalgam is employed ia the manufacture of sodium hydroxide sodium—potassium alloy, NaK, is used ia heat-transfer appHcations and sodium—lead alloy is used ia the manufacture of tetraethyllead and tetramethyUead, and methylcyclopentadienylmanganesetricarbonyl, a gasoline additive growing ia importance for improving refining efficiency and octane contribution. 

Heating 3,4-bis(phenylsulfonyl)furoxan with a solution of sodium butoxide in butanol followed by reduction with trimethyl phosphite gives furazan 281 (Scheme 183). Compound 281 was converted into dialkoxy derivative 282 with the lithium salt of ( )-l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol in 33% overall yield (96W012711, 97EUP773021, 98JMC379). 

Sodium decreases the hydrothermal stability of the zeolite. It also reacts with the zeolite acid sites to reduce catalyst activity. In the regenerator, sodium is mobile. Sodium ions tend to neutralize the strongest acid sites. In a dealuminated zeolite, where the UCS is low (24.22°A to 24.25°A), the sodium can have an adverse affect on the gasoline octane (Figure 3-7). The loss of octane is attributed to the drop in the number of strong acid sites. 

Figure 3-7. Effects of soda on motor and research octanes motor octane vs. sodium oxide [11] research octane vs. sodium oxide [4].

The sodium in the E-cat is the sum of sodium added with the feed and sodium on the fresh catalyst. A number of catalyst suppliers report sodium as soda (Na20). Sodium deactivates the catalyst acid sites and causes collapse of the zeolite crystal structure. Sodium can also reduce the gasoline octane, as discussed earlier. 

Sodium. Additive sodium reduces unit conversion and lowers octane (Figure 6-4). 

B. exo-cis-Bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-2-carboxylic acid. A mixture of 100 g. (0.440 mole) of 2-(trichloromethyl)bicyclo[3.3.0]octane and 500 ml. of 85% phosphoric acid is put into a 1-1. three-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a reflux condenser, and a thermometer. The mixture is stirred and heated at 150° for 16 hours, during which time it evolves hydrogen chloride and darkens. The product is then allowed to cool and is poured into a separatory funnel. One liter of water is added and the resulting mixture is extracted with four 250-ml. portions of ether. The combined ether extract is then extracted with four 250-ml. portions of 2% aqueous sodium hydroxide (Note 9), and the resulting alkaline extract is washed with 100 ml. of ether to remove any neutral material (Note 10). The alkaline extract is acidified (to pH 2-3) with concentrated hydrochloric acid, and the oil which precipitates is extracted with three 250-ml. portions of ether. The resulting ether extract is dried with 15 g. of magnesium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated at 50° (30 mm.). The residue is then distilled at reduced pressure to obtain 29-32 g. 

Triethyl phosphonoacetate, reaction of sodium derivative with cyclohexanone to yield ethyl cvclo hexy lideneacetate, 46, 45 1 nfluoroacetic anhydride, 46, 98 p,0 0 Trifluorostyrene, 47, 52 Trusopropvl phosphite as reagent in dechlorination of decachlorobi 2,4 cyclopentadienyl, 46, 93 1,3,5-Tnketones, from aroylationof 1,3-diketones, 46, 59 from 4-pyrones, 46, 59 Tnmethylamine oxide, reaction with x-octyl iodide to yield octanal, 47, 96... 

The easiest access to most benzyllithium, -sodium, or -potassium derivatives consists of the deprotonation of the corresponding carbon acids. Hydrocarbons, such as toluene, exhibit a remarkably low kinetic acidity. Excess toluene (without further solvent) is converted into benzyllithium by the action of butyllithium in the presence of complexing diamines such as A. Af.Af.jV -tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) or l,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) at elevated temperatures1 a procedure is published in reference 2. 

An example for a partially known ternary phase diagram is the sodium octane 1 -sulfonate/ 1-decanol/water system [61]. Figure 34 shows the isotropic areas L, and L2 for the water-rich surfactant phase with solubilized alcohol and for the solvent-rich surfactant phase with solubilized water, respectively. Furthermore, the lamellar neat phase D and the anisotropic hexagonal middle phase E are indicated (for systematics, cf. Ref. 62). For the quaternary sodium octane 1-sulfonate (A)/l-butanol (B)/n-tetradecane (0)/water (W) system, the tricritical point which characterizes the transition of three coexisting phases into one liquid phase is at 40.1°C A, 0.042 (mass parts) B, 0.958 (A + B = 56 wt %) O, 0.54 W, 0.46 [63]. For both the binary phase equilibrium dodecane... 

FIG. 34 Phase equilibrium of sodium octane 1-sulfonate/1-decanol/water. 

Polymerization of 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 2, has been most extensively studied among bicyclic acetals. This monomer is readily prepared from 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-carbaldehyde 1 by reduction with sodium borohydride followed by add-... 

Oxabicydo[2.2.2]octan-3-one 50, which is readily prepared by hydr(>genation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid followed by dehydration40 , can be polymerized by heating with phosphoric acid or sodium hydride to give a polyester23 . jn contrast, 6-oxabi-... 

S,7-dioxa-6-thiaspiro[2.5]octane 6-oxide (C HgOgS 89729-09-9) see Montelukast sodium... 

Tjandra et al. (1998) have proposed an interfacial reaction model for the kinetics of the reaction between 1-bromo octane and sodium phenoxide to give 1-phenoxyoctane in a nonionic microemulsion. In this model the microemulsion is assumed to consist of the aqueous phase and the interface is covered by a monolayer of surfactant molecules. It is thus possible to assess the interfacial area from the concentration of the surfactant in the microemulsion medium. 

Fig. 5.4 Chromatogram of atenolol for column validation CRS which is supplied with theCRS. Asimilarchromatogram must be obtained to assure the suitability ofthe chromatographic system. (Column 4.6 x 150 mm Nucleosil C-18 [5 pm] Mobile phase 1.0 g sodium octane-sulphonate, 0.4gtetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide, 2.72 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate in 800 ml water [pH 3.0], 20 ml tetrahydrofuran and 180ml methanol, flowrate l.Oml/min and detection wavelength 226 nm).

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