Sodium serum levels

The precision and accuracy performance was tested by correlating the measured assays of horse serum specimens to assay values obtained by a standard method. The precision was measured by replicating assays at three sodium serum levels that extend well beyond the clinical range. The correlation plot is shown in Figure 9 and corresponds to a set of samples encompassing a sodium range of 100 to 170 mEq/L. 

Pharmacology Potassium participates in a number of essential physiological processes, such as maintenance of intracellular tonicity and a proper relationship with sodium across cell membranes, cellular metabolism, transmission of nerve impulses, contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle, acid-base balance, and maintenance of normal renal function. Normal potassium serum levels range from 3.5 to 5 mEq/L. 

Hypersensitivity to these agents depressed sodium or potassium serum levels marked kidney and liver disease or dysfunction suprarenal gland failure hyperchloremic acidosis adrenocortical insufficiency severe pulmonary obstruction with inability to increase alveolar ventilation since acidosis may be increased (dichlorphenamide) cirrhosis (acetazolamide, methazolamide) long-term use in chronic noncongestive angle-closure glaucoma. 

Parameters to monitor Perform the following laboratory tests prior to and periodically during lithium therapy Serum creatinine complete blood count urinalysis sodium and potassium fasting glucose electrocardiogram and thyroid function tests. Check lithium serum levels twice weekly until dosage is stabilized. Once steady state has been reached, monitor the level weekly. Once the patient is on maintenance therapy, the level may be checked every 2 to 3 months. 

Absorption - Peak serum levels occur approximately 1 hour after oral use. Parenteral penicillin G (sodium and potassium) gives rapid and high but transient blood levels derivatives provide prolonged penicillin blood levels with IM use. 

Most patients should eat a diet with no added salt because of associated hypertension or edema. In dialysis patients, sodium intake should be reduced in patients who gain excessive weight between dialysis. Potassium restriction is not usually necessary until oliguria supervenes. Dialysis patients, however, should be educated to what foods are high in potassium, such as citrus foods, nuts, bananas, in order to avoid very high serum levels of potassium before each dialysis. Water restriction may be necessary if predialysis hyponatremia becomes prominent. 

Seizure frequency and elecf roencephalogram changes in paf ienf s with seizure disorder a reduction or elimination of pain in patients with trigeminal neuralgia therapeutic serum levels not adequately established use estimates of therapeutic serum concentrations of fhe acfive metabolite (MHD) in the 50-110 pmol range serum electrolytes (especially sodium), LFTs, blood counts, serum lipids... 

Lithium has numerous pharmacologic effects. It is able to cross through sodium channels, competing with monovalent and divalent cations in cell membranes (AHFS, 2000). Animal studies have shown that lithium at a serum level of 0.66 + — 0.08 mEq/L can increase the amphetamine-induced release of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) and the concentrations of a serotonin metabolite (e.g., 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid [5-HIAA]) in the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH) of rats before and after chronic lithium chloride administration (Baptista et ah, 1990), a mechanism possibly involved in lithium s antidepressant effect. The precise neurobiological mechanisms through which lithium reduces acute mania and protects against recurrence of illness remain uncertain (Lenox and Hahn,... 

May Increase or Decrease Phenytoin Serum Levels Phenobarbital, sodium valproate, valproic acid... 

Uric acid (Fig. 6) is the main nitrogenous waste product of uricotelic organisms (reptiles, birds and insects), but is also formed in ureotelic organisms from the breakdown of the purine bases from DNA and RNA (see Topics FI and Gl). Some individuals have a high serum level of sodium urate (the predominant form of uric acid at neutral pH) which can lead to crystals of this compound being deposited in the joints and kidneys, a condition known as gout, a type of arthritis characterized by extremely painful joints. 

The hepatic effects observed in animals after inhalation exposure to chromium or its compounds were minimal and not considered to be adverse. Rats exposed to as much as 0.4 mg chromium(VI)/m3 as sodium dichromate for 90 days did not have increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase or alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, creatinine, urea, or bilirubin (Glaser et al. 1990). Triglycerides and phospholipids were increased only in the 0.2 mg chromium(VI)/m3 group exposed for 90 days (Glaser et al. 1985). Chronic exposure of rats to 0.1 mg chromium(VI)/m3 as sodium dichromate, to 0.1 mg total chromium/m3 as a 3 2 mixture of chromium(VI) trioxide and chromium(III) oxide, or to 15.5 mg chromium(IV)/m3 as chromium dioxide did not cause adverse hepatic effects as assessed by histological examination and liver function tests (Glaser et al. 1986,1988 Lee et al. 1989). 

The presence of depressed sodium and/or potassium blood serum levels... 

Willis (Wll), using a potassium hollow cathode tube instead of the commonly employed discharge lamp, determined potassium in blood serum. At the 1 50 dilution no interference was encountered from calcium, magnesium, and phosphate at serum levels, but sodium gave a small enhancement. The sodium interference was controlled by the addition in excess of sodium chloride or of the disodium salt of EDTA to samples and standards alike. 

Osteoporosis is of two forms- primary i.e. idiopathic and secondary. Primary osteoporosis is classified into type I and type II osteoporosis. Type I is referred to post menopausal osteoporosis which is the main type affecting women, characterized by rapid bone loss and affects women after the menopause, mainly in trabecular bone and is associated with vertebrae and distal radio fractures whereas type II also termed as senile osteoporosis occurs due to chronic deficiency of calcium, increase in parathormone activity and decrease in bone formation and is associated with aging. On the other hand secondary type results from inflammatory processes, endocrine changes, multiple myeloma, sedentariness and the use of drugs such as heparin, corticoid and alcohol [3]. Prevention is the main treatment of osteoporosis, for which bone mass peak and the prevention of postmenopausal reabsorption are critical elements. The common treatment of osteoporosis includes calcium consumption as calcium salts, vitamin D supplements, and hormone reposition [4], the use of calcitonin to modulate serum levels of calcium and phosphorous [5], the use of bisphosphonate, mainly alendronates [6], use of ipriflavone and sodium fluoride [7], besides physical activity to strengthen muscles, stimulate osteoblasts formation and prevent reabsorption. 

Monitor electrolyte serum level (potassium, chloride, sodium). 

Diuretics (see 19.17 Diuretics) are prescribed for hypertension that is not caused by renal-angiotensin-aldosterone involvement because diuretics increase rennin serum level. Diuretics promote sodium depletion decreasing extracellular fluid volume. Commonly prescribed diuretics are ... 

Other laboratory tests to assist in assessment and treatment include blood pH, serum C02, or PC02 (any 2) serum sodium serum potassium, BUN blood glucose and urine pH and sp gr. These determinations and the serum salicylate level should be followed serially during therapy (15). 

Selenium supplementation has been shown to affect type-I-deiodinase activity in male rats (Behne et al. 1992 Eder et al. 1995 Hotz et al. 1997). Exposure to 0.055 or 0.27 mg selenium/kg/day as sodium selenite in food for 40 days produced a significant decrease (approximately 50%) in serum levels of T3 and a nonsignificant reduction in type-I-deiodinase activity compared with rats receiving 0.009 or 0.026 mg selenium/kg/day (Eder et al. 1995). Exposure to 0.27 mg selenium/kg/day did not produce any other adverse signs, such as weight loss or decreased food consumption, and serum T4 levels were similar in all groups. 

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