Sodium iodate periodates

We examined the reaction of triose reductone with both periodate and iodate (55,56), and found that, whereas iodine was invariably set free from both sodium periodate and sodium iodate if the concentration of the reductone were greater than 10 3M, no iodine was liberated at lower concentrations (e.g. 6 x 10 4M) of substrate, even in the presence of relatively large amounts of the oxidants. 

Palladium(II) oxide, 4825 Palladium(IV) oxide, 4835 Perchloric acid, 3998 Periodic acid, 4425 Permanganic acid, 4434 Peroxodisulfuric acid, 4482 Peroxodisulfuryl difluoride, 4328 Peroxomonosulfuric acid, 4481 Peroxytrifluoroacetic acid, 0666 Platinum hexafluoride, 4371 Platinum(IV) oxide, 4836 Plutonium hexafluoride, 4372 Potassium bromate, 0255 Potassium chlorate, 4017 Potassium dichromate, 4248 Potassium iodate, 4619 Potassium nitrate, 4650 Potassium nitrite, 4649 Potassium perchlorate, 4018 Potassium periodate, 4620 Potassium permanganate, 4647 Rhenium hexafluoride, 4373 Rubidium fluoroxysulfate, 4309 Ruthenium(VIII) oxide, 4862 Selenium dioxide, 4838 Selenium dioxide, 4838 Silver permanganate, 0021 Sodium chlorate, 4039 Sodium chlorite, 4038 Sodium dichromate, 4250 Sodium iodate, 4624 Sodium nitrate, 4721 Sodium nitrite, 4720... 

The procedure reported here is practical, uses readily available, non-toxic starting materials, and can be easily scaled up. No harmful by-products are formed during the synthesis, and sodium iodate, generated during the periodate cl avage, can be recycled into sodium metaperiodate.15... 

Chilean saltpeter [potassium nitrate (KNOj)] has a number of impurities, including sodium and calcium iodate. Iodine is separated from the impurities and, after being treated chemically, finally produces diatomic iodine. Today, iodine is mostly recovered from sodium iodate (NalO ) and sodium periodate (NalO ) obtained from Chile and Bohvia. 

The periodate olefin cleavage generated large amounts of colloidal MnO2 waste and sodium iodate (NalOj). The process therefore involved multiple unit operations and suffered from poor volume productivity and oxidation efficiency (three out of four available oxygens in NalO4 are wasted). 

To a cooled solution of dithiane (1) (2.00 g, 16.7 mmol) in methanol (125 ml) was added an aqueous solution (35 ml) of sodium periodate (3.68 g, 17.5 mmol) at such a rate (approximately 30 min) to maintain the temperature at 20°C. Stirring and cooling were continued for an additional 30 min. The reaction mixture was then filtered to remove sodium iodate, and the resulting solution taken to near dryness on a rotary evaporator. Extraction of the solids with chloroform produced a solution which was dried over sodium sulfate, and filtered. Evaporation left the crystalline sulfoxide (2) (2.13g, 94%), m.p. 86-87°C. 

Sodium periodate NajHilOi, is formed hy rcaciion of sodium iodate plus. sodium hydroxide plus chlorine (sodium chloride also formed). and the periodate separates as crystals from Ihe medium. In solution, if is stated, pcnudaic gradually forms ozone arid iodate at the ordinary temperatures. 

Iodine also occurs in seawater and in numerous seaweeds including kelp, from which iodine has been extracted on a commercial scale. The greater part of the iodine of commerce is obtained from sodium iodate (NalOs) and sodium periodate (NaI04), both of which are associated with the enormous deposits of sodium nitrate in Chile. 

Crystalline paraperiodic acid, H5I06, which is hygroscopic and readily soluble in water, is commercially available. Most of the salts of periodic acid are characterized by their slight solubility in water. For oxidation experiments sodium metaperiodate, NaIC>4, is the most suitable salt because of its solubility in water (9.3% at 20° and 12.6% at 25°).99 Sodium metaperiodate is commercially available and also can be obtained readily from the slightly soluble trisodium paraperiodate, Na3H2I06, by crystallization from nitric acid in the ratio of 150 cc. of water and 45 cc. of concentrated nitric add to 100 g. of salt.9 Trisodium paraperiodate is formed in 90% yield by the reaction of bromine and sodium iodide in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at 80°.100 It is also produced in 80% yield by the oxidation of sodium iodate with chlorine in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.99 In connection with this preparation of trisodium paraperiodate from sodium iodate, it should be noted that in the usual periodate oxidation reactions the periodate is converted quantitatively into iodate. Paraperiodic acid has been prepared in about 93% yield from trisodium paraperiodate " 1 it has been prepared also by the electrolytic oxidation 191 >192 of iodic add. 

Sodium iodate, NaI03.—The iodate is a constituent of Chile saltpetre or sodium nitrate, and remains in the mother-liquor after crystallization of the nitrate. It is an important source of iodine. The salt can be prepared by oxidizing sodium iodide with sodium peroxide6 or by the electrolytic method,7 and also by the interaction of sodium iodide and periodate.8 It forms white crystals. 

Disodium periodate, Na2HgI06, can be prepared by the action of chlorine on a mixture of sodium iodate and hydroxide,16 or by the oxidation of iodine with sodium peroxide.17 It is soluble with difficulty in both cold and hot water. The table gives determinations of solubility made by Rosenheim and Loewenthal 18... 

Periodic Acid—UIOj—192—is formed by the action of Cl upon an alkaline solution of sodium iodate. The sodium salt thus obtained is dissolved in nitric acid, treated with silver nitrate, and the resulting silver periodate decomposed with HjO. From the-solution the acid is obtained in colorless crystals, fusible at 180° (206° F.), very soluble in water, and readily decomposable by-heat. 

Calcium monofluorophosphate 232-188-7 Calcium fluoride 232-191-3 Calcium iodate IDX-20 NB 232-192-9 Calcium molybdate Moly-White 501 232-197-6 Sodium m-periodate 232-212-6... 

The periodates ean be obtained, in several ways. Thus ii. dibrine be allowed to act upon a mixtnie of sodium iodate and. oanstie soda, sodium periodate and ddcnide of sodium are formed fouB —... 

Instead of metal salts, peroxides and other more sophisticated oxidants were suggested in several publications and patent applications. Rather closely related to the preferred method for the manufacture of PEDOT PSS— the oxidative polymerization with peroxodisulfates—in situ polymerizahon by peroxidic compounds has been claimed by several patent applicahons. - Another patent application utilizes so-called hypervalent iodine compounds as oxidants. Examples for inorganic hypervalent iodine compounds are iodic acid, sodium iodate (iodine-V), and sodium periodate (iodine-VII). Typical organic hypervalent iodine compounds were of the iodine-III type, for instance, Koser s reagent = hydroxy-tosyloxy iodobenzene or bis(trifluoroacetoxy) iodobenzene (see Figure 8.4). 

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