Sodium in soils

S.K. Singles, R.F. Dietrich, and R.D. McFetridge, Degradation of pyrithiobac sodium in soil in the laboratory and field, in Pesticide Environmental Fate, Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Field Studies, ed. W. Phelps, K. Winton, and W.R. Effland, ACS Symposium Series No. 813, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, Chapter 15, pp. 207-221 (2002). 

CASRN 127-20-8 molecular formula C3H3Cl2Na02 FW 164.95 Soil. Undergoes dechlorination and the liberation of carbon dioxide in soil. The residual activity is limited to approximately 3-4 months (Hartley and Kidd, 1987). The average half-life for dalapon-sodium in soil incubated in the laboratory under aerobic conditions was 15 d (Namdeo, 1972). 

R. Neri, Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of flutamide. Urology 34 (1989) 19-21. R. Eliason, J.J. Schoenau, A.M. Szmigielski, W.M. Laverty, Phytotoxicity and persistence of flucarbazone-sodium in soil. Weed Sci. 52 (2004) 857-862. 

B.4 Determination of Sodium in Soil Extracts by Atomic Emission Spectrometry... 

The former process is reversible whereas the latter may lead to an irreversible deterioration of soil structure. Hence the determination of sodium in soil extracts is an important indicator of soil quality. A convenient method for the determination of sodium in soil extracts and other aqueous... 

What are the most probable sources of error in this experiment Does the method used offer an acceptable level of precision and accuracy for the determination of sodium in soil extracts and what are the reasons for your conclusions ... 

An official standard method has been published for the determination of 1 M ammonium nitrate-extractable sodium in soils. The sodium content of the extract was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry [214],... 

David (D5) employed an air-acetylene flame for the determination of sodium in soil extracts with a detection limit of 0.05 ppm. No effect was seen from the presence of phosphate, aluminum, sulfate, and silicate exceeding the sodium level 100-200-fold. 

Two parameters are used to measure and evaluate the effects of excess sodium in soils. These are the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). SAR is a parameter used to describe the composition of irrigation water or existing soil solution and is used to predict the ESP. SAR is defined by the equation... 

With the exception of saline sods (solo-netz, solontshac), the amount of exchangeable sodium in soils is very low. The soils in the humid and semihumid areas of the world cannot deliver sufficient sodium to the vegetation to satisfy the sodium requirements of animals and man. 

The elements listed in the table of Figure 15.2 are of importance as environmental contaminants, and their analysis in soils, water, seawater, foodstuffs and for forensic purposes is performed routinely. For these reasons, methods have been sought to analyze samples of these elements quickly and easily without significant prepreparation. One way to unlock these elements from their compounds or salts, in which form they are usually found, is to reduce them to their volatile hydrides through the use of acid and sodium tetrahydroborate (sodium borohydride), as shown in Equation 15.1 for sodium arsenite. 

Soil Stabilization/Grouting. Sodium sihcates have been used in soil stabih2ation for most of the twentieth century. This usage represents the largest market in Japan in the mid-1990s. Sodium sihcates can be used for water control and soil stabih2ation in tunneling and excavation projects. 

In addition to a continued increase in the number of use patents in these fields, a new use of xanthates as inhibitors of fertiliser nitrogen transformation in soil has been reported, as well as the use of certain metal xanthates as color developers for image-recording materials (113,114) (see Fertilizers Color photography). For several years, sodium isopropyl xanthate was used as an intermediate in the manufacture of saccharin (see... 

In soils too saline for traditional crops, there is the possibility of developing halophytes for crop or forage production. An important consideration is that the produce (e.g. leaves or grain) should contain only low concentrations of sodium or chloride, or it will be unsuitable for human or animal consumption. 

Figure 5, Formation of H-nitrosoglyphosate in soils incubated at 25°C with 20 ppm of nitrite nitrogen as sodium nitrite and 740 ppm glyphosate (free acid equivalent) (6), Soil syrnbols , Fox A, Grandin Brookston and O, Granville,...

H. Matsushita, T. Oishi, Y. Asano, and K. Ishikawa, Residue analytical method of pyrithiobac-sodium in crops and soil, in Abstracts of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Pesticide Science Society of Japan, p. 149 (1992). 

A procedure that has been widely used for spray residues is the separation of the residue from the sample by extraction with an organic solvent, usually benzene. After most of the solvent has been removed, the residue is treated with sodium and isopropyl alcohol and the chloride ion is estimated by standard methods. Carter 10) has determined in this manner DDT residues on a number of crops, and he has recommended the adoption by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of the method as a tentative one for DDT 11). Koblitsky and Chisholm 42) have determined DDT in soil samples by the sodium-isopropyl alcohol procedure after removing the DDT by extraction with an azeotropic mixture of two volumes of benzene and one volume of isopropyl alcohol. 

In arid and semi-arid soils, calcite, dolomite, leonhardite (Ca2Al4Si8024.7H20) and lawsonite (CaAl2Si208.2H20) can be possible minerals. Calcium carbonate strongly influences soil properties in arid and semi-arid soils. Most calcareous soils have soil a pH in the range of 7.3-8 5. When sodium is predominant in soils, soil pH is above 8.5. In most arid and semi-arid soils, calcium carbonates (calcite and dolomite) generally accumulate and are most likely to control the Ca2+ and Mg2+ solubility in these soils (Lindsay, 1979). 

Smith E, Naidu R, Alston AM (2002) Chemistry of inorganic arsenic in soils II Effect of phosphorus, sodium, and calcium on arsenic sorption. J Environ Qual 31 557-563... 

Toxicity of six toxicants (Zn2+ > ethidium bromide > sodium pentachloro- 208 phenate > Cu2+ > 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid sodium dodecyl sulfate = no) on a recombinant Escherichia coli Toxicity of metals in soils amended with sewage sludge 209... 

Ben-Yephet Y, Melero-Vara JM, DeVay JE (1988) Interaction of soil solarization and metham-sodium in the destruction of Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum. Crop Prot 7 327-331... 

The most common simple cations in the soil solution are calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), and sodium (Na+). Other alkali and alkaline-earth elements, when present, will be as simple cations also. Iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, cobalt, manganese, and nickel are also common in soil. Iron is present in both the ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) states, while aluminum will be present as Al3+. Copper, zinc, cobalt, and nickel can all be present in one or both of their oxidations states simultaneously. Manganese presents a completely different situation in that it can exist in several oxidation states simultaneously. 

One place where soil solution from saturated soils is routinely used is in the determination of salts in soil. Salts can build up in soil in low-rainfall areas. A measure of the salt content is essential for these soils. Typically, a saturated paste of soil is made and the water filtered by vacuum filtration. The filtrate can then be analyzed for electrical conductivity and this measurement, together with calcium, magnesium, and sodium content, can be used to calculate various measures of salt content and potential detrimental effects of salts on crops and water quality. 

This is the basis for a common method for the determination of ammonia in soil.1 Soil is suspended in water and placed in a Kjeldahl flask. The suspension is made basic by the addition of a strong (5-50%) sodium hydroxide solution, and the flask is immediately attached to a steam distillation setup. Steam distillation of the suspension carries the released ammonia to an Erlenmeyer flask, catching the distillate in a standardized acid solution that is subsequently back titrated via acid-base titration. The amount of ammonia in soil can be calculated from the end point of the titration. This procedure is similar to a standard Kjeldahl determination and can be carried out using the same equipment, although no digestion is needed. 

---