With persulfate, potassium

Sahcylaldehyde is readily oxidized, however, to sahcyhc acid by reaction with solutions of potassium permanganate, or aqueous silver oxide suspension. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde can be oxidized to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with aqueous silver nitrate (44). Organic peracids, in basic organic solvents, can also be used for these transformations into benzoic acids (45). Another type of oxidation is the reaction of sahcylaldehyde with alkaline potassium persulfate, which yields 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (46). 

The most common water-soluble initiators are ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, and hydrogen peroxide. These can be made to decompose by high temperature or through redox reactions. The latter method offers versatility in choosing the temperature of polymerization with —50 to 70°C possible. A typical redox system combines a persulfate with ferrous ion ... 

Silver(III) Compounds. No simple silver(Ill) compounds exist. When mixtures of potassium or cesium haUdes are heated with silver hahdes ia a stream of fluorine gas, yellow KAgF [23739-18-6] or CsAgF [53585-89-0] respectively, are obtained. These compounds are diamagnetic and extremely sensitive to moisture (21). When Ag2S04 is treated with aqueous potassium persulfate ia the presence of ethylenedibiguanidinium sulfate, the relatively stable Ag(Ill)-ethylenebiguanide complex is formed. 

Benzophenoneoxime has been prepared in quantity by treating an aqueous alcoholic mixture of benzophenone and hydroxyl-amine hydrochloride with hydrochloric acid,2 with sodium carbonate,3 with alcoholic potassium hydroxide,4 or with aqueous sodium hydroxide. It has also been obtained by treating bis-nitrosylbenzohydryl with alcoholic potassium hydroxide,6 and by the oxidation of a-aminodiphenylmethane with magnesium persulfate solution.7... 

Until recently, the most detailed kinetic investigations of phase transfer free radical polymerizations were those of Jayakrishnan and Shah (11, 12). Both of these studies have been conducted in two phase aqueous/organic solvent mixtures with either potassium or ammonium persulfate as the initiator, and have corroborated our earlier conclusions (2, 3)... 

Case 1 appears to accurately predict the observed dependence on persulfate concentration. Furthermore, as [Q]+otal approaches [KX], the polymerization rate tends to become independent of quat salt concentration, thus qualitatively explaining the relative insensitivity to [Aliquat 336]. The major problem lies in explaining the observed dependency on [MMA]. There are a number of circumstances in free radical polymerizations under which the order in monomer concentration becomes >1 (18). This may occur, for example, if the rate of initiation is dependent upon monomer concentration. A particular case of this type occurs when the initiator efficiency varies directly with [M], leading to Rp a [M]. Such a situation may exist under our polymerization conditions. In earlier studies on the decomposition of aqueous solutions of potassium persulfate in the presence of 18-crown-6 we showed (19) that the crown entered into redox reactions with persulfate (Scheme 3). Crematy (16) has postulated similar reactions with quat salts. Competition between MMA and the quat salt thus could influence the initiation rate. In addition, increases in solution polarity with increasing [MMA] are expected to exert some, although perhaps minor, effect on Rp. Further studies are obviously necessary to fully understand these polymerization systems. 

The desilylated products 31 and 32 (Scheme 20) were obtained by the protiodesilylation of a number of thioacylsilane adducts and the corresponding sulfones obtained by oxidation of the cycloadducts with oxone (potassium hydrogen persulfate). Compounds 31 are formally derived from unstable thioaldehydes and the cyclic sulfones 32 from thioaldehyde 5,5-dioxide (sulfenes) (Scheme 20). It should be noted that sulfenes produced by dehydrochlorination... 

Oxidation of anilines with alkaline potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) followed by hydrolysis to give ortho-hydroxyl anilines is known as the Boyland-Sims oxidation. ... 

Reactions with persulfate and pyrosulfate. The persulfate (peroxy-dlsulfate Ion, S2O8 ) reaction, also known as the Elba persulfate oxidation, has been Important In synthesis of hydroxylated phenols. The method has occasionally been used for synthesis of 0-sulfate conjugates. For example, 4-hydroxy-2-nltrophenyl sulfate was obtained when 3-nltrophenolate was stirred with potassium peroxydlsulfate at room temperature for 2 days (91,). The persulfate reaction has been used for the sulfation of various phenols and aromatic amines however the yields are usually low to moderate (77 ). The sulfate group Is preferentially Introduced In the 4-posltlon of phenols and In the 2-posltlon of aromatic amines but If these positions are blocked substitution at the 2- and... 

There is a fairly limited set of electrochemical data on Cf with previous reviews covering the most pertinent electrochemical results [170]. The oxidation of Cf(III) to Cf(IV) in aqueous media is very difficult because of the relatively positive potential of the couple, ca 3.2 V as calculated by Nugent etal. [46]. As with Am, strongly complexing anions can shift the potential of the Cf(IV)/Cf(III) couple to facilitate the electron-transfer process. Indeed it has been demonstrated that in aqueous potassium phosphotungstate solutions Cf(III) can be chemically oxidized to Cf(IV) with persulfate dianion (S ), ) [171]. The results in carbonate solution are more ambiguous as Hobart et al. [172] were notable to oxidize Cf(111) to Cf(IV) in carbonate, but Myasoedov and coauthors [135] claim 20% oxidation of Cf(III) presumably to Cf(IV) in2 M K2CO3 at pH 13.2. 

These reagents contain a three-membered ring made up of C, N, and O atoms - an oxaziridine. The nitrogen atom must be a sulfonamide (usually a benzene sulfonamide) and the carbon atom usually has some substituent. The simplest such reagent 273 is formed by epoxidation of /V-phcnyl-sulfonyl benzaldehyde imine 272 with mCPBA or Oxone , a persulfate potassium salt 2KHS05. KHS04.K2S04. 

Polymerization of phenyl or cyclohexyl methacrylate in 2,6-dimethyl-/3-cyclodextrin in water using a potassium persulfate-potassium bisulfite initiator gave better yields and higher molecular weights than obtained with an azo initiator in tetrahydrofuran.234... 

Microwave-assisted synthesis of a guar-g-polyactylamide (G-g-PAA) has also been reported [80]. The reactions were performed in a domestic microwave oven. Graft copolymerization of the guar gum (GG) with acrylamide (AA) under the action of microwave irradiation in the absence of any radical initiators and catalyst resulted in grafting yields comparable with redox (potassium persulfate-ascorbic acid) initiated by conventional heating but in a very short reaction time. Grafting efficiency up to 20% was further increased when initiators and catalyst were used under microwave irradiation conditions. Maximum grafting efficiency achieved under MW conditions was 66.66% in 0.22 min, compared with 49.12% in 90 min by the conventional method. 

Fyrol 76 (Skauffer Chemical Co.) a precondensate of vinyl phosphonate and iV-methylolacryl-amide with a potassium persulfate catalyst and after application and drying at 120°C, it is cured at 180°C. 

This test may be used for the specific detection of antimony in minerals and alloys after fusion of the powdered sample with an excess of potassium persulfate. This operation converts metallic antimony and Sb ii and Sb into Sb2(S04)a. There is no interference because of the presence of tin or its compounds the fusion with persulfate yields Sn(S04)2 which does not react with alkaline mercuric cyanide, in contrast to Sn salts. 

Monomers AA, lA and NVP, along with the potassium persulfate initiator, methyl alcohol and diethyl ether, were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co. The AA and NVP were distilled before use. 

Panels (8.9 x 15.2 x 0.235 cm) were cut consecutively, at all possible locations, from commercial chrome-tanned grain-split blue stock cattlehide. Untreated control panels were included with each treated panel. In the emulsion method, after a separate 30 min conditioning period with the potassium persulfate-sodium bisulfite redox initiator system, the panels to be treated were tumbled at ambient temperature under emulsion conditions with the appropriate monomer for 24 hr. Composite composition was obtained gravimetrically from methanol or air-dried panels. Homopolymer was removed from apparent bound polymer by hot benzene extraction. Standard conditions were water 5 1 based on dry leather ... 

Obtained (poor yield) by reaction of aqueous anuno-nium persulfate solution on 4-ethyl-2-hydroxyaceto-phenone with 10% potassium hydroxide, in aqueous pyridine solution at r.t. (3%) [2944]. 

FP of several reartive monomers can be performed in high boiling point solvents. Acrylamide polymerization will propagate in water (with some vaporization of water), in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and in dimethyl formamide (DMF) with several initiators, including sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, and benzoyl peroxide. Interestingly, no gas bubbles are observed with acrylamide/persulfate in DMSO. (The persulfates do not produce volatile side products.) Several other monomers also work in these solvents, including acrylic acid, sodium methacrylate, and zinc dimethaaylate. ... 

Polymerization takes place, in the following manner in the presence of suitable peroxide catalyst these compounds polymerize with themselves (homopolymerizatiOn) in aqueous emulsion. When the reaction is complete, the emulsified polymer may be used directly or the emulsion coagulated to yield the solid polymer (312). A typical polymerization mixture is total monomer (2-vinylthiazole), 100 sodium stearate, 5 potassium persulfate, 0.3 laurylmercaptan, 0.4 to 0.7 and water, 200 parts. 

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