Sodium density

We obtained a measure of the degree of ionization as a function of the total sodium density in the flame by plotting the ratio of the ionization signal to sodium solution concentration versus the latter concentration on double logarithmic scales as shown in Fig. 3. For concentrations in excess of... 

Our experimental apparatus consists of a sodium containing heat-pipe cell with an active length of 20 cm the buffer gas is argon at a few torr pressure. The sodium density is in the range of 10 -10 cm". The dye laser is Hansch type and is pumped by a 30 kW peak power copper-halide laser with a 25 nsec duration pulse. The dye laser bandwidth is 0.5 cm . The laser beam is spatially filtered and focused into the sodium cell. The laser intensity at the focus is about 10 Mw/cm and is sufficient to form self-trapped filaments. The spectrum of the emission is monitored by 1.2 cm resolution McPearson 0.3m monochromator. The forward emission is photographed by an Alphax B216 camera placed after the sodium cell without any imaging optics. The laser beam is blocked with an on-axis disk. 

With increasing sodium density in the range lO -lO cm", the "blue peak" frequency is shifted from 1.2 cm to 3 cm" away from the Dj transition. 

Reactivity worths of major reactor materials were measured in this 600-llter, nickel-reflected core. Average worths found were U-235, 36.5 Ih/kg U-238, -1.3 iVhs 0, 21.7 Ih/kg Na, 13.7 Wkg and steel, 2.2 Ih/kg (relative to void). Local sodium worths were extensively investigated since this was the first large volume, high sodium content core constructed in ZPR-ni. Sodium worths were found to decrease from 18.8 Ih/kg at the core center to 12 Ih/kg at the radial edge of the core in the center plane. Experiments to determine the effect of sodium density on its worth showed little correlation. 

The density of LBE is about 12 times the sodium density the viscosity of LBE is large and the pressure drop is expected to be large the Prandtl number is about 3 times the sodium value. These characteristics lead to a poor cooling ability of the LBE therefore, the power... 

Although Cojan was the first to observe spectral narrowing in SR, systematic studies started much later (Woerdman and Schuurmans 1975). The reflectivity at a glass-sodium vapor interface near the sodium Di and D2 lines was measured for different vapor densities. At low sodium densities the resolution of the hyperfine doublet splitting clearly indicated a considerable spectral narrowing as compared to the Doppler width. With an increasing sodium density the hyperfine structure of the SR spectrum was smeared out. When the... 

The density of fluorobenzene is about 1 -025 at room temperature it is important to use the correct strength of sodium hydroxide solution in order to obtain a clear separation of the two layers. 

Mix 31 g. (29-5 ml.) of benzyl alcohol (Section IV, 123 and Section IV,200) and 45 g. (43 ml.) of glacial acetic acid in a 500 ml. round-bottomed flask introduce 1 ml. of concentrated sulphuric acid and a few fragments of porous pot. Attach a reflux condenser to the flask and boil the mixture gently for 9 hours. Pour the reaction mixture into about 200 ml. of water contained in a separatory funnel, add 10 ml. of carbon tetrachloride (to eliminate emulsion formation owing to the slight difference in density of the ester and water, compare Methyl Benzoate, Section IV,176) and shake. Separate the lower layer (solution of benzyl acetate in carbon tetrachloride) and discard the upper aqueous layer. Return the lower layer to the funnel, and wash it successively with water, concentrated sodium bicarbonate solution (until effervescence ceases) and water. Dry over 5 g. of anhydrous magnesium sulphate, and distil under normal pressure (Fig. II, 13, 2) with the aid of an air bath (Fig. II, 5, 3). Collect the benzyl acetate a (colourless liquid) at 213-215°. The yield is 16 g. 

The refractive index of a liquid is recorded as where t is the temperature at which the measurement is made, and D refers to the wave length of the D line of sodium. As already pointed out, it is usual to determine both the refractive index and the density of the liquid at 20° in any case they should be determined at the same temperatme. These two constants are useful in assisting the characterisation of a pure hquid they are particularly valuable for ahphatic hydrocarbons and similar compounds where the methods of characterisation by the formation of solid derivatives are not entirely satisfactory. 

Benzoyl chloride test. (This is an alternative to the acetyl chloride test.) Place I ml. of the compound, 0 5 ml. of redistilled benzoyl chloride CAUTION in handling) and 2-5 ml. of 10 per cent, aqueous sodium hydroxide in a small test-tube, cork the tube and shake vigorously until the odour of benzoyl chloride has disappeared. Observe the odour, density and other obvious properties of the product. 

The distillate may contain volatile neutral compounds as well as volatile acids and phenols. Add a slight excess of 10-20 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution to this distillate and distil until the liquid passes over clear or has the density of pure water. The presence of a volatile, water-soluble neutral compound is detected by a periodic determination of the density (see Section XI,2) if the density is definitely less than unity, the presence of a neutral compound may be assumed. Keep this solution Si) for Step 4. 

The refractive index of CCI4 at 20°C and 589 nm, the D line of the sodium spectrum, is 1.4607. At this temperature the density of this compound is 1.59 g cm . Use this information to calculate a for CCI4. Criticize or defend the following proposition The prediction that = f(R/X) may have been premature. The consideration of Eq. (10.3) which led to this conclusion could just as well predict = f(a /X). 

Sodium carbonate monohydrate crystals from the crystallizers are concentrated in hydroclones and dewatered on centrifuges to between 2 and 6% free moisture. This centrifuge cake is sent to dryers where the product is calcined 150°C to anhydrous soda ash, screened, and readied for shipment. Soda ash from this process typically has a bulk density between 0.99—1.04 g/mL with an average particle size of about 250 p.m. 

Black Powder. Black powder is mainly used as an igniter for nitrocellulose gun propellant, and to some extent in safety blasting fuse, delay fuses, and in firecrackers. Potassium nitrate black powder (74 wt %, 15.6 wt % carbon, 10.4 wt % sulfur) is used for military appHcations. The slower-burning, less cosdy, and more hygroscopic sodium nitrate black powder (71.0 wt %, 16.5 wt % carbon, 12.5 wt % sulfur) is used industrially. The reaction products of black powder are complex (Table 12) and change with the conditions of initia tion, confinement, and density. The reported thermochemical and performance characteristics vary greatly and depend on the source of material, its physical form, and the method of determination. Typical values are Hsted in Table 13. 

Sodium Antimonate. Sodium antimonate [15593-75-6] Na SbO, another antimony synergist of commercial importance, has an antimony content of 61—63 wt % and a bulk density of 39.4—46.4 kg/m. Properties are given in Table 2. It is made by oxidizing antimony trioxide using sodium nitrate and caustic. It is a white powder and has a pH of around 9—11 when dissolved in water. 

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