Antimony Oxide Trioxide

Most FR additives contain bromine, chlorine, phosphorus, antimony, or aluminium. Among the main types are brominated hydrocarbons additive and reactive phosphate esters non-halogenated and halogenated antimony oxide trioxide and pentoxide, and sodium derivatives chlorinated hydrocarbons chlorinated paraffins, chlorinated cycloaliphatics. Other types include chlorinated/ brominated compounds, fluorinated compounds, magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, melamine, molybdenum compounds, silicone polymer. 

Mixed Metal Antimony Synergists Worldwide scarcities of antimony have prompted manufacturers to develop synergists that contain less antimony. Other metals have been found to work in concert with antimony to form a synergist that is as effective as antimony alone. Thermoguard CPA from Elf Atochem NA, which contains zinc in addition to antimony, can be used instead of antimony oxide in flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as well as some polyolefin appHcations. The Oncor and AZ products which contain siUcon, zinc, and phosphoms from Anzon Inc. can be used in a similar manner. The mixed metal synergists are 10 to 20% less expensive than antimony trioxide. 

Antimony Oxide. The effect of antimony trioxide on the oxygen index of flexible poly(vinyl chloride) containing from 20 to 50 parts of plasticizer is shown in Figure 2. The flame resistance as measured by the oxygen index increases with the addition of antimony oxide until the oxygen index appears to reach a maximum at about 8 parts of Sb202. Further addition of antimony oxide does not have any increased beneficial effect. 

Antimony trioxide and sodium antimonate are added to specialty glasses as decolorizing and fining agents, and are used as opacifiers in porcelain enamels. Antimony oxides are used as white pigments in paints, whereas antimony trisulfide and pentasulfide yield black, vermilHon, yeUow, and orange... 

M One-Year Inhalation Toxicity Study ofMntimonj Trioxide in the Rat (with a One-year Recovery Period), Bio /dynamics Incorporated, East Millstone, N.J. submitted to Antimony Oxide Industry Association (AOIA), Feb. 9, 1990. 

Antimony(Ill) fluoride may be prepared by treating antimony trioxide or trichloride with hydrofluoric acid. Pure SbF is then obtained by carefully evaporating all of the water from the cmde product, which is subsequently sublimed. SbF does not hydrolyze as readily as do the other antimony ttihahdes. When heated in open air at 100°C, a crystalline soHd quickly forms of composition Sb302(0H)2F3, which, upon further heating, is transformed into antimony oxide fluoride [11083-22-0] SbOF. This compound may also be prepared by heating 1 1 mixtures of Sb203 and SbF. There are three known crystalline modifications. 

Antimony trioxide (SbaOj). It is produced from stibnite (antimony sulphide). Some typical properties are density 5.2-5.67 g/cm- pH of water suspension 2-6.5 particle size 0.2-3 p,m specific surface area 2-13 m-/g. Antimony trioxide has been the oxide universally employed as flame retardant, but recently antimony pentoxide (SbaOs) has also been used. Antimony oxides require the presence of a halogen compound to exert their fire-retardant effect. The flame-retarding action is produced in the vapour phase above the burning surface. The halogen and the antimony oxide in a vapour phase (above 315 C) react to form halides and oxyhalides which act as extinguishing moieties. Combination with zinc borate, zinc stannate and ammonium octamolybdate enhances the flame-retarding properties of antimony trioxide. 

PET requires special flame-retardant chemistry since the antimony oxide synergist that is normally used in combination with brominated flame retardants causes de-esterification of the PET chain and concomitant molecular weight loss. In place of antimony oxide, PET requires a sodium antimonate synergist. Another problem with antimony trioxide is that it decreases the thermal stability of the brominated flame retardant which then produces hydrobromic acid which degrades the PET. 

Platinum is very slowly attacked by hot concentrated sulphuric acid, particularly at about 250° to 280° C.,s but the introduction of sulphur dioxide into the liquid, by addition of a piece of sulphur or carbon, completely prevents the solution of the metal. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen are without influence, but arsenious and antimonious oxides exert a marked protective effect upon the metal. It is suggested that in the case of the pure acid, dissociation of sulphur trioxide into dioxide and oxygen takes place, the last named attacking the platinum. The sulphur dioxide, when added from an external source, owes its protective influence to the fact that it represses the dissociation, whilst the arsenious and antimonious oxides act by absorbing the oxygen.6... 

The health and environmental effects profile for antimony oxides was prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH, USA Acceptable daily intakes, defined as the amount of a chemical to which humans can he exposed on a daily basis over an extended period of time (usually a lifetime) without suffering deleterious effects, were 24.5, 29.3, 30.9 and 32.5 /ig day for oral exposure, for antimony, antimony trioxide, antimony tetroxide and antimony pentoxide, respectively. 

Antimony trioxide is currently designated as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (LARC) and ACGIH (31). However, a chronic inhalation study, conducted by the Antimony Oxide Industry Association (AOIA), found no evidence of carcinogenicity (31,32). 

Andersen Corporation, 79, 87-90 Angular rotation, 632 Anisotropic composites, 236 Annealing, 22, 24, 338 Antagonistic behavior of antioxidants, 529 Antibacterials, 415 Anti-microbial agents, 30, 210, 413 Antimony oxide, 471, 476 Antimony trioxide, 471, 476 Antioxidants, 28, 30, 37, 91, 133, 208, 429, 494, 495, 526, 605, 629 Apparent core density, 222 Apparent overall density, 222 Apparent shear rate, 619, 626, 627, 629 Apparent shear stress, 618, 619 Apparent viscosity, 618, 619 Arabinoxylans, 95 ARES, 640, 641 Arkema, 166, 168 Arrhenius equation, 633 Arrhenius plot, 513 Arsenic salt, 416 Asbestos, 80... 

SYNONYMS Antimony, flowers of antimony, antimony oxide, antimony black, antimony peroxide, antimony white, diantimony trioxide, stibium. 

Antimonk acid. SeeAntimony pentoxide Antimonic acid, sodium salt See Sodium antimonate Antimonk anh ride /tntimonk oxide. See/Uitimony pentoxide Antimonious oxide. 5ee/Uitimony trioxide Antimonous sulfide. SeeAntimony trisulfide... 

Antimony oxide Antimony (III) oxide. SeeAntimony trioxide... 

Synonyms Antimonious oxide Antimony bloom /tntimony oxide Antimony (III) oxide Antimony peroxide Antimony white Cl 77052 Diantimony trioxide Elowers of antimony Pigment white 11 Empirical OjSbj Frnnula SbjO,... 

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