Sodium chloride density

Such high density salt solutions are extremely expensive. Sodium chloride and calcium chloride are the only salts that are used in large quantities for drilling (see Calcium compounds Sodium compounds). 

Salt Substitutes. As a result of concern about the relationship between dietary sodium and hypertension, some salt producers and food companies have developed salt substitutes or low sodium products. Mixtures of sodium chloride and potassium chloride, herbs and spices, as well as modified salt crystals of lower density are marketed in response to a limited consumer demand for reduced-sodium products. This amounts to about 2% of user salt purchases. 

MeutralSoluble Salts. So dium sulfate [7757-82-6] and, to a considerably lesser extent, sodium chloride [7647-14-5] are the principal neutral soluble salts used in laundering compositions. They are often considered to be fillers although they perform an important standardizing function enabling the formulator to manufacture powders of a desired, controlled density. Sodium sulfate, in addition, lowers the critical micelle concentration of organic surfactants and thus the concentration at which effective washing can be achieved. 

In sodium chloride solutions the ion transport number for Na+ is about 0.4 compared to about 0.6 for CU. Thus a CX membrane would be expected to polarize at lower current densities than an AX membrane. Careful measurements show that CX membranes do polarize at lower current densities however, the effects on pH are not as significant as those found when AX membranes polarize. Such differences ia behavior have beea satisfactorily explaiaed as resultiag from catalysis of water dissociatioa by weaMy basic groups ia the AX membrane surfaces and/or by weaMy acidic organic compounds absorbed on such surfaces (5). 

Prepared saltwater completion fluids are made of fresh surface water, with sufficient salts added to produce the proper salt concentration. Usually, the addition of 5 to 10% NaCl, 2% CaClj, or 2% KCl is considered satisfactory for clay inhibition in most formations. Sodium chloride solutions have been extensively used for many years as completion fluids these brines have densities up to 10 Ib/gal. Calcium chloride solutions may have densities up to 11.7 lb/ gal. The limitations of CaClj solutions are (1) flocculation of certain clays, causing permeability reduction, and (2) high pH (10 to 10.5) that may accelerate formation clays dispersion. In such cases, CaC12-based completion fluids should be replaced with potassium chloride solutions. Other clear brines can be formulated using various salts over wide range of densities, as shown in Figure 4-123 [28]. 

Figure 12.3 Density and specific heat capacity (a) Sodium chloride, (b) Calcium chloride...

Sodium hypochlorite is produced by the electrolysis of cold sodium chloride solution. How long must a cell operate to produce 1.500 X 103 L of 5.00% NaCIO by mass if the cell current is 2.00 X 103 A Assume that the density of the solution is 1.00 g/cm3. 

After cooling of the aqueous mixture to 5-10°C an upper viscous phase is separated, which contains 45-47% alkanesulfonates and 1.0-1.3% sodium chloride, while the lower phase is a 7-8% brine with a small quantity of alkane-monosulfonates but 1.5-2.0 wt % di- and polysulfonates. The hydrotropically dissolved alkanes (neutral oil) are found entirely in the upper phase. Because of the small density differences, the separation of the two phases needs 15-20 h. The lower phase can be separated by membrane technology [13]. 

A venturi meter with a 50 mm throat is used to measure a flow of slightly salty water in a pipe of inside diameter 100 mm. The meter is checked by adding 20 cm3/s of normal sodium chloride solution above the meter and analysing a sample of water downstream from the meter. Before addition of the salt, 1000 cm- of water requires 10 cm3 of 0.1 M silver nitrate solution in a titration. 1000 cm3 of the downstream sample required 23.5 cm3 of 0.1 M silver nitrate. If a mercury-under-water manometer connected to the meter gives a reading of 20S mm, what is the discharge coefficient of the meter Assume that the density of the liquid is not appreciably affected by the salt. 

The electrolyte is made by in situ chlorination of vanadium to vanadium dichloride in a molten salt bath. Higher valent chlorides are difficult to retain in the bath and thus are not preferred. The molten bath, which is formed by sodium chloride or an equimolar mixture of potassium chloride-sodium chloride or of potassium chloride-lithium chloride or of sodium chloride-calcium chloride, is contained in a graphite crucible. The crucible also serves as an anode. Electrolysis is conducted at a temperature about 50 °C above the melting point of the salt bath, using an iron or a molybdenum cathode and a cathode current density of 25 to 75 A dnT2. The overall electrochemical deposition reaction involves the formation and the discharge of the divalent ionic species, V2+ ... 

A better idea of the real size of an ion in a molecule can now be obtained from a study of electron density distributions, which it has recently become possible to obtain from accurate X-ray crystallographic studies of crystals. Figure 2.2 shows a contour map of the electron density distribution obtained in an X-ray crystallographic study of crystalline sodium chloride. The position of minimum electron density between two adjacent ions seems to be... 

Figure 2.2 A contour plot of the electron density in a plane through the sodium chloride crystal. The contours are in units of 10 6 e pm-3. Pauling shows the radius of the Na+ ion from Table 2.3. Shannon shows the radius of the Na+ ion from Table 2.5. The radius of the Na+ ion given by the position of minimum density is 117 pm. The internuclear distance is 281 pm. (Modified with permission from G. Schoknecht, Z Naiurforsch 12A, 983, 1957 and J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, and R. L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed., 1993, HarperCollins, New York.)...

---