Density sodium chloride solutions

In sodium chloride solutions the ion transport number for Na+ is about 0.4 compared to about 0.6 for CU. Thus a CX membrane would be expected to polarize at lower current densities than an AX membrane. Careful measurements show that CX membranes do polarize at lower current densities however, the effects on pH are not as significant as those found when AX membranes polarize. Such differences ia behavior have beea satisfactorily explaiaed as resultiag from catalysis of water dissociatioa by weaMy basic groups ia the AX membrane surfaces and/or by weaMy acidic organic compounds absorbed on such surfaces (5). 

Prepared saltwater completion fluids are made of fresh surface water, with sufficient salts added to produce the proper salt concentration. Usually, the addition of 5 to 10% NaCl, 2% CaClj, or 2% KCl is considered satisfactory for clay inhibition in most formations. Sodium chloride solutions have been extensively used for many years as completion fluids these brines have densities up to 10 Ib/gal. Calcium chloride solutions may have densities up to 11.7 lb/ gal. The limitations of CaClj solutions are (1) flocculation of certain clays, causing permeability reduction, and (2) high pH (10 to 10.5) that may accelerate formation clays dispersion. In such cases, CaC12-based completion fluids should be replaced with potassium chloride solutions. Other clear brines can be formulated using various salts over wide range of densities, as shown in Figure 4-123 [28]. 

Sodium hypochlorite is produced by the electrolysis of cold sodium chloride solution. How long must a cell operate to produce 1.500 X 103 L of 5.00% NaCIO by mass if the cell current is 2.00 X 103 A Assume that the density of the solution is 1.00 g/cm3. 

A venturi meter with a 50 mm throat is used to measure a flow of slightly salty water in a pipe of inside diameter 100 mm. The meter is checked by adding 20 cm3/s of normal sodium chloride solution above the meter and analysing a sample of water downstream from the meter. Before addition of the salt, 1000 cm- of water requires 10 cm3 of 0.1 M silver nitrate solution in a titration. 1000 cm3 of the downstream sample required 23.5 cm3 of 0.1 M silver nitrate. If a mercury-under-water manometer connected to the meter gives a reading of 20S mm, what is the discharge coefficient of the meter Assume that the density of the liquid is not appreciably affected by the salt. 

Sears 189) and Heston et al. 190) used the adsorption of sodium hydroxide for the determination of the surface area of colloidal silica. An empirical factor was used for the conversion of alkali consumption into surface area. This is permissible provided the packing density of surface silanols is constant. The determination was performed in concentrated sodium chloride solution in order to keep down the dissolution of silica. Using the same technique, it was found in my laboratory that all surface silanol groups as determined by other methods are neutralized at pH 9.0. At higher pH, siloxane bonds in the surface were opened. A maximum in the sorption of Na+ ions occurred usually at pH 10.5-10.6 which corresponded to a packing density of ca. 5 OH/100 A. On further addition of alkali, silicate ions H3Si04 went into solution. 

After being heated for about 20 min., the odor of alcohol will disappear, indicating the completion of the reaction. A pasty mass containing a mixture of the soap, glycerol, and excess sodium hydroxide is obtained. Use an ice water bath to cool the flask with its contents. To precipitate or salt out the soap, add 150 mL of a saturated sodium chloride solution to the soap mixture while stirring vigorously. This process increases the density of the aqueous solution therefore, soap will float out from the aqueous solution. Filter the precipitated soap with the aid of suction and wash it with 10 mL of ice cold water. Observe the appearance of your soap and record your observation on the Report Sheet. 

A clear picture of the course of electrolysis of sodium chloride solution with a concentration of 5.1 moles of NaCl per litre at 12 °C and a current density of 6.7 A/sq. em can be seen in the graphical representation in Fig. 125. 

The objective of the mass transport lab is to explore the effect of controlled hydrodynamics on the rate at which a mass transport controlled electrochemical reaction occurs on a steel electrode in aqueous sodium chloride solution. The experimental results will be compared to those predicted from the Levich equation. The system chosen for this experiment is the cathodic reduction of oxygen at a steel electrode in neutral 0.6 M NaCl solution. The diffusion-limited cathodic current density will be calculated at various rotating disk electrode rotation rates and compared to the cathodic polarization curve generated at the same rotation rate. 

In this experiment the partial molar volumes of sodium chloride solutions will be calculated as a function of concentration from densities measured with a pycnometer. 

Calculate the density of a 25.0% by mass sodium chloride solution in water if 253 g of sodium chloride is used to make 850 mL of the solution. 

Utilizing the buoyant densities listed in Table II and the frictional ratio of 1.11, values for the sedimentation coefficient have been calculated at two different solvent densities the standard S value routinely used to characterize human serum lipoproteins is defined as value of the flotation coefficient in Svedberg units (the negative sedimentation coefficient X 10 sec) in an aqueous NaCl solvent with a density of 1.063 g/ml and a viscosity of 1.021 centipoise (the viscosity of a 1.063 g/ml sodium chloride solution at 26°C). These values are listed in Table II. The S value is very sensitive to small variations in lipoprotein density because the solvent density is close to the lipoprotein density. To compare the particle sizes or molecular weights, values of the sedimentation coefficient (5) in a solvent with a density of 1.20 g/ml and the viscosity of KBr at 25°C are preferred, and the computed values are listed in Table II. 

Does Perry s Chemical Engineers Handbook contain information on densities of alcohol-water mixtures osmotic pressure of sodium chloride solutions corrosion properties of metals ... 

The densities of a number of aqueous sodium chloride solutions at 20 are as follows ... 

Solubility Equilibrium. The misconceptions regarding the amount of solid materials in equilibrium and the dynamic aspect are equally important in the discussion. If one observes a saturated sodium chloride solution together with solid sodium chloride, and adds an additional portion of solid sodium chloride to it, this portion sinks down without dissolving (see E6.2). If one measures the density of the saturated solution before and after the addition of salt portions, one gets the same measurements (see E6.2). The concentration of the saturated solution does not depend on how much solid residue is present equilibrium sets in between the saturated solution and arbitrary amounts of solid residue (see Fig. 6.2) ... 

Performance of NEOSEPTA-F in Sodium Chloride Solution Electrolysis. Figure 5 shows the relationship of the cell voltage and the current efficiency respectively with the concentration of sodium hydroxide in catholyte when electrolysis of sodium chloride solution was carried out at the current density of 30 A/cm. From the economical viewpoint, i.e, the electrolysis power cost, depreciation of equipment cost, membrane cost and so on, the optimum concentration of sodium hydroxide for NEOSEPTA-F C-1000 is about 20 % and that for NEOSEPTA-F C-2000 is about 27 %. 

Also, Faraday s law can obviously have nothing to say concerning which ions in an electrolyte will take part in an electrochemical reaction. In fact, the current can be carried through an electrolyte by ions which do not enter into the electrochemical reactions by which the current enters and leaves the electrolyte. For instance, in the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution with inert, ie., non-reacting, electrodes, the current is carried, except for an almost negligible amount, by the sodium ions, Na+, and the chloride ions, Cl". However, for low current densities, the electrochemical reactions at the anode and cathode are... 

Figure 2.6 Change in electro-osmotic water coefficient with fixed ion concentration of an anion exchange membrane. Measured in 0.50 N sodium chloride solution using an anion exchange membrane (v = fit, v volume flux ft electro-osmotic water coefficient I current density t period).

Figure 3.17 Organic fouling of an anion exchange membrane. Electrodialysis was carried out using 0.05 N sodium chloride solution containing sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (100ppm) at a current density of 3.5 mA cm 2 at 25.0 °C. (Membrane strongly basic anion exchange electrical resistance measured in 0.05 N sodium chloride solution 3.5 Q cm2).

Figure 3.18 Change in electrical resistance of an anion exchange membrane (strongly basic anion exchange) with and without anionic polyelectrolyte layers in the presence of sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS). 1. without the layers and with STS 2. with the layers (immersion time 4 h) and with STS 3. with the layers (immersion time 24 h) and with STS 4. with the layers and without STS 1 left vertical axis 2,3 and 4 right vertical axis. After an anion exchange membrane had been immersed in 100ppm anionic polyelectrolyte (polycondensation product of sodium naphthalene sulfonate and formaldehyde MW ca. 1000) solution for the respective time at room temperature, electrodialysis was carried out at a current density of 2.5 mAcmr2 using 0.10 N sodium chloride solution containing 2.16 X 10 3 mol dm3 of STS.

Figure 4.8 Current efficiency versus fixed ion concentration of a cation exchange membrane in the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution. Cation exchange membrane sulfonated styrene—divinylbenzene type. Anolyte saturated NaCl catholyte 3.0 N NaOH current density 10Adm 2 at 70 °C.

Figure 4.11 Change in electro-osmotic water with concentration of sodium chloride solution. Cation exchange membrane NEOSEPTA CL-25T (homogeneous type membrane) measured at a current density of 20 mA cm 2 at 25.0 °C.

Problem 1.90. A glass vessel calibrated to contain 9.76 mL of water at 4.00 °C was found to weigh 22.624 g when empty and dry. Filled with a sodium chloride solution at the same temperature, it was found to weigh 32.770 g. Calculate the solution s density. 

As shown in Fig. 5.7, the differences between the preparation of -butyl nitrate and the other monobasic alcohol nitrates are evident (1) The nitration process for the other nitrate esters, such as methyl nitrate, is the continuous nitration-distillation method, while for n-butyl nitrate, the process is the reflux and water segregator method (2) In the washing process, n-butyl nitrate is washed by saturated sodium chloride solution because its density is close to that of water. 

The following should be carried out in a fume hood recrystallize the initiator AIBN from methanol and store the obtained crystals at 4°C. Remove the inhibitor from the cross-linker as follows add EDMA into a separation funnel and extract with three portions of NaOH solution (add saturated sodium chloride solution (brine) as necessary to encourage separation, the density of EDMA is close to that of water) and finally wash the monomer with pure brine. Carefully separate the monomer after the final wash into a clean, dry flask and dry over MgS04. Filter the dried monomer into a clean glass vial with screw top. The monomer can be stored in the firidge for several weeks. Prior to polymerization allow the EDMA to warm to room temperature, fill a short (3-4 x 1.5 cm) column with activated neutral alumina and pass through about 12-15 mL EDMA. 

---