Sodium nitrate density

Black Powder. Black powder is mainly used as an igniter for nitrocellulose gun propellant, and to some extent in safety blasting fuse, delay fuses, and in firecrackers. Potassium nitrate black powder (74 wt %, 15.6 wt % carbon, 10.4 wt % sulfur) is used for military appHcations. The slower-burning, less cosdy, and more hygroscopic sodium nitrate black powder (71.0 wt %, 16.5 wt % carbon, 12.5 wt % sulfur) is used industrially. The reaction products of black powder are complex (Table 12) and change with the conditions of initia tion, confinement, and density. The reported thermochemical and performance characteristics vary greatly and depend on the source of material, its physical form, and the method of determination. Typical values are Hsted in Table 13. 

Sodium Antimonate. Sodium antimonate [15593-75-6] Na SbO, another antimony synergist of commercial importance, has an antimony content of 61—63 wt % and a bulk density of 39.4—46.4 kg/m. Properties are given in Table 2. It is made by oxidizing antimony trioxide using sodium nitrate and caustic. It is a white powder and has a pH of around 9—11 when dissolved in water. 

Phase behavior 1n concentrated aqueous electrolyte systems is of interest for a variety of applications such as separation processes for complex salts, hydrometal 1urgical extraction of metals, interpretation of geological data and development of high energy density batteries. Our interest in developing simple thermodynamic correlations for concentrated salt systems was motivated by the need to interpret the complex solid-liquid equilibria which occur in the extraction of sodium nitrate from complex salt mixtures which occur in Northern Chile (Chilean saltpeter). However, we believe the thermodynamic approach can also be applied to other areas of technological interest. 

Tang, I. N., and H. R. Munkelwitz, Water Activities, Densities, and Refractive Indices of Aqueous Sulfates and Sodium Nitrate Droplets of Atmospheric Importance, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18801-18808 (1994a). 

Diameter and Wave Shape Studies in Low Density 50/50-TNT/Sodium Nitrate Mixtures . Univ of Utah Tech Rept XXXVI, 30 July,... 

The values agree well in position with those of Woldbye (17) (which were for solutions M in sodium nitrate), but our extinction coefficients are consistently about 10% higher than his. In addition, we note a weak maximum for T at 330 m/i and report some information on the spectra in the doublet region. These last measurements were made on filtered 0.04M solutions, using 5 cm. cells. The general absorption curves were obtained by a Cary Model 14 spectrophotometer, but for most of the kinetic studies and analytical measurements, optical densities at selected wave lengths were determined by a DU Beckman spectrophotometer. 

AP is the most commonly used oxidizer for fuel rich propellants. AN is used where a high rate of gas generation is the prime requirement. Sometimes, sodium nitrate also finds application due to its high density, oxygen availability, heat of combustion and affinity of its exhaust species with ram-air. HMX-based fuel-rich formulations which give better performance, are also available. 

The explosive properties of nitrostarch mixtures (containing 12.7% of nitrogen) with ammonium or sodium nitrates have been studied by T. Urbanski et al. [48]. Values for rate of detonation of mixtures with a density of 1.0 are given in Fig. 71. They conform to Laffitte s rule that the variation in rate of detonation with the composition of mixtures with ammonium nitrate is almost rectilinear. 

In a large (2 1.) beaker, suspend three lead electrode plates, cut from sheet lead, about 1.5 cm. apart. Connect the middle plate as anode and the two outer ones as cathodes. In the beaker place an electrolyte consisting of 10 g. of sodium nitrate and 3 g. of potassium chromate dissolved in 1 1. of water. Prepare a solution of 7.5 g. of chromic anhydride, Cr03, in about 20 cc. of water and from a dropping funnel allow this solution to drop into the electrolyte at a rate of about half its volume in 2 amp.-hr. during the electrolysis to maintain the chromate concentration. In a specific experiment, the anode surface was 85 sq. cm. on each side of the anode the most favorable current density was 0.0059 amp. per square centimeter, which for this cell made a current of 1 amp. with a voltage across the terminals of 2.3 volts. 

Lead arsenate may also be obtained eleetrolytically by the anodic dissolution of lead in the presence of an arsenate. An almost theoretical yield has been obtained 4 by using a diaphragm cell with an anolyte containing 20 g. sodium arsenite and 70 g. sodium nitrate per litre and sufficient acetic acid for neutralisation, and a catholyte consisting of a 30 per cent, solution of sodium nitrate. The anode should be of lead and the cathode of iron, and the current density 55 to 6 amps, per sq. dm. 

The reduction of nitrate to nitrite can be accomplished satisfactorily, and the process is the subject of a recent patent.1 It has been shown (Mtlller and Weber)2 that in a divided cell, smooth platinum or copper cathodes reduce nitrate to nitrite and ammonia, but platinised platinum gives much ammonia and little nitrite. A spongy copper or silver cathode was found to give the best results. With a current density of 0 25 amps, per dm.2 and a concentration of 2 3 grams of sodium nitrate per litre, a current efficiency of 90 per cent, was obtained. The current efficiency with an amalgamated copper cathode was found to diminish when 50 per cent, of the nitrate had been changed. Considerable care is evidently needed to prevent the formation of ammonia, since it has been shown by W. H. Easton 3... 

Swint patented a low-density dynamite containing nitroglycerine (7-15 per cent) and finely divided balsa wood (5-15 per cent) used with ammonium and sodium nitrate. 

Platinum can be plated onto other metals by use of a solution containing 1 g platinum diammino nitrate, 1 g sodium nitrate, 10 g ammonium nitrate, and 5 mL concentrated ammonium hydroxide in enough water to make 100 mL of solution. The cleaned metal is made the cathode, and a strip of platinum metal is the anode a 4.5-V battery, a rheostat, and a milliameter are connected between the electrodes, and the plating is carried out at a current density of 50 to 100 mA per square centimeter of cathode surface. 

S. Lussana found that the temp. 6 of maximum density of 0 65 and 1 30 per cent, soln. of potassium nitrate is related with the press, p respectively by 0=2 89—00133(p—l), and 0=1 84—0 0124(p—l). The lowering of the vapour pressure of aq. soln. of lithium nitrate at different temp, has been measured by G. Tammann, and by A. T. Lincoln and D. Klein 42 at>25°, and the results show that the relative lowering of the vap. press, with increasing cone, increases in accord with the assumption that the salt forms hydrates in aq. soln. The vap. press, of aq. soln. of sodium nitrate have been measured by C. Dieterici, A. Smits, W. W. J. Nicol, G. Tammann, and by A. T. Lincoln and D. Klein. According to VOL. n, 3 G... 

Irradiation Procedures. G(Fem) of 15.6 for the ferrous sulfate dosimeter was determined in our laboratory by Hochanadel and Ghorm-ley (II). G-values reported here are based on total energy absorbed by the solutions. The energy absorbed in concentrated sodium nitrate solutions relative to the ferrous sulfate dosimeter was taken to be in the ratio of electron densities since energy absorption in 60Co irradiations is caused essentially only by Compton recoil electrons. 

Figure 2. Post-irradiation reduction of cerium(IV) after 60Co gamma radiolysis of air saturated 0.8N sulfuric acid containing 3.0M sodium nitrate and 10 M cerium(IV) in a 2 cm. cell. Irradiation time was 30.2 sec. Optical densities at 340 m were 1.970 initially, 1.029 after post-irradiation reaction was sensibly complete and 0.855 owing to absorption by 0.8N sulfuric acid containing 3.0M sodium nitrate...

For example, a crystal of sodium nitrate (2260 kg m ) could be floated in about 50 mL of bromoform in a suitable flask, taking care that no air bubbles are attached, and then caused to achieve the just suspended state by slowly adding chloroform from a burette. At this point the crystal density may be assumed to be equal to that of the liquid mixture, which can readily be estimated. 

Janz, G. J., B. G. Oliver, G. R. Lakshmin, and G. E. Mayer. 1970. Electrical conductance, diffusion, viscosity, and density of sodium nitrate, sodium perchlorate, and sodium thiocyanate in concentrated aqueous solutions. Journal of Physical Chemistry. lA, 1285. Jha, A. K., A. Colubri, M. H. Zaman, S. Koide, T. R. Sosnick, and K. F. Freed. 2005. Helix, sheet, and polyproline II frequencies and strong nearest neighbor effects in a restricted coil library. Biochemistry. 44, 9691. 

The two main electrolytes mentioned above, sodium chloride and sodium nitrate solutions, exhibit different machining characteristics for the same metals. For example, in the ECM of most steels and nickel alloys, sodium chloride solutions show only a very slight decrease in current efficiency from the value of 100 per cent, when the current density is increased. (Occasionally, efficiencies higher than 100 per cent are obtained, when actual grains of metal are dislodged by the traction forces of the electrolyte flow.) With sodium nitrate electrolyte, the current efficiency rises from comparatively small values at low current densities, to maximum values usually below 100 per cent. The efficiency only very slowly increases thereafter, with further rise in curroit density. 

Although sodium chloride electrolyte has generally a higher current efficiency than sodium nitrate over a wide range of current densities, the latter electrolyte is often preferred in practice, because closer dimensional accuracy of ECM is obtained with it. The superior machining performance obtained with sodium nitrate becomes particularly relevant in hole drilling by ECM. (This technique will be explained more fully later). 

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