Sodium perchlorate density

Ammonium perchlorate is a colorless, crystalline compound having a density of 1.95 g/mL and a molecular weight of 117.5. It is prepared by a double displacement reaction between sodium perchlorate and ammonium chloride, and is crystallized from water as the anhydrous salt. 

The general procedure for the electrochemical preparation of (10) is as follows. A solution of (9) (3 mmol) in wet acetonitrile (40 ml, 5 vol.% of H20) containing sodium perchlorate (0.25 m) was placed in an undivided electrolysis cell equipped with a platinum plate anode and a platinum plate cathode. The system was subjected to a constant current electrolysis (300 mA current density, 20mAcnr2) at ambient temperature. After 4 faradays per mole of (9) had been consumed, the electrolysed solution was poured into water (50 ml) and extracted with dichloromethane (3 X 30 ml). The organic layer was dried with magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel to afford (10) in an excellent yield. 

Ammonium perchlorate, NH4C104.—The perchlorate is formed by mixing solutions of barium perchlorate and ammonium sulphate, by the action of ammonium nitrate on sodium perchlorate,8 and by that of ammonium chloride on calcium or magnesium perchlorate.10 It forms rhombic,11 doubly refracting crystals,12 of density 1 88 at 25° C. Its solubility at 18° C. is 21 07 grams in 100 grams of water.18 It is de-... 

Perchlorates are made commercially by the electrolytic oxidation of chlorates. Sodium perchlorate is made first as a rule, and other perchlorates are prepared from it by double decomposition. The conditions for a good yield of perchlorate are concentrated neutral chlorate solution, temperature below 50°, current density 0.1 amp/cm or more, and anode of platinum. Platinum is better than graphite, probably because of its higher oxygen overvoltage. 

Kaynak and coworkers [82,128] later reported on the effect of different dopant anions incorporated in the polypyrrole-coated textiles on the heat generation of these materials. The polypyrrole layer was deposited onto a polyester/Lycra fabric using the in situ polymerization approach and was doped with anthraquinone-2-sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, or perchlorate. At an applied voltage of 24 V, the polypyrrole-coated fabrics, from all the four different dopant systems showed an increase in temperature with the anthraquinone-2-sulfonate-doped polypyrrole coating the most effective heat generator (AT 20°C) whereas the sodium perchlorate dopant system was the least effective (AT 3°C). The power density per unit area achieved in the anthraquinone-2-sulfonate-doped polypyrrole-coated fabric was 430 W/m, 200 W/m for naphthalene-2-sulfonate, 150 W/m for p-toluenesulfonate, and 55 W/m for perchlorate, respectively. 

Janz, G. J., B. G. Oliver, G. R. Lakshmin, and G. E. Mayer. 1970. Electrical conductance, diffusion, viscosity, and density of sodium nitrate, sodium perchlorate, and sodium thiocyanate in concentrated aqueous solutions. Journal of Physical Chemistry. lA, 1285. Jha, A. K., A. Colubri, M. H. Zaman, S. Koide, T. R. Sosnick, and K. F. Freed. 2005. Helix, sheet, and polyproline II frequencies and strong nearest neighbor effects in a restricted coil library. Biochemistry. 44, 9691. 

Assuming for the moment that sodium perchlorate forms in a rock salt structure, estimate a value for the density of this compound. (Use the ionic radii given in Tables 7.5 and 8.7, respectively.)... 

FIG. 15 Ti02 (P25) surface-charge density as reported in the literature at 7 = 0.1 A/. Data from Giacomelli et al. [86], Rodriguez et al. [87], Foissy et al. [83], and Girod et al. [84]. The model used hy Yang and Davis [79] for sodium perchlorate medium was obtained by Stone et al. [82] from experimental data in sodium nitrate mediiun. 

A number of approaches have been proven effective, in some cases, a judicious choice of electrolyte or current density is sufficient For example, within a limited current density window, it is possible to electropolymmze aniline in neutral aqueous solution. (3). Poly-3-methylthiophene can be deposited from highly acidic aqueous solution if a stable suspension is achieved before electropolymerization (4), or as d cribed in chapto 3 of this volume, from sodium dodecyl sulfrte micelles in a less harsh medium. Micelles have also proven useful where addition of non-ionic sur ctants to the monomer solution have been employed in the preparation of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) from aqueous perchlorate solutions (5). 

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