Component independent

Therefore, it has at most five independent components, and fewer if the molecule has some synnnetry. Syimnetric top molecules have only one independent component of 0, and, in such cases, the axial component is often referred to as the quadnipole moment. A quadnipolar distribution can be created from four charges of the same magnitude, two positive and two negative, by arranging them m the fonn of two dipole moments parallel to each other but pointing in opposite directions. Centro-syimnetric molecules, like CO2, have a zero dipole moment but a non-zero quadnipole moment. 

The dipole polarizability tensor characterizes the lowest-order dipole moment induced by a unifonu field. The a tensor is syimnetric and has no more than six independent components, less if tire molecule has some synnnetry. The scalar or mean dipole polarizability... 

Step 3 Drawing a Functional GO Chart - The system is represented by the interconnected GO symbols. Independent components are represented by triangle symbols and dependent components are represented by circles. 

A system has 20 independent components, each of which fails with probability 0.10. Tlie system fails only if 4 or more of the components fail. Wliat is the probability that tlie system will fail ... 

Windows often are thought of as independent components of a building. However, to maximize windows energy efficiency, they must he integrated with the rest of a building system. 

Having phases together in equilibrium restricts the number of thermodynamic variables that can be varied independently and still maintain equilibrium. An expression known as the Gibbs phase rule relates the number of independent components C and number of phases P to the number of variables that can be changed independently. This number, known as the degrees of freedom f is equal to the number of independent variables present in the system minus the number of equations of constraint between the variables. 

This does not imply that all components will have the same chemical potential at equilibrium, only that the chemical potential for each component is the same in all phases. xThe independent components are those that are not related through chemical equilibrium reactions. See Section 1.2c for a discussion of components in a system. 

Binary electrolyte solutions contain just one solute in addition to the solvent (i.e., two independent components in all). Multicomponent solutions contain several original solutes and the corresponding number of ions. Sometimes in multicomponent solutions the behavior of just one of the components is of interest in this case the term base electrolyte is used for the set of remaining solution components. Often, a base electrolyte is acmaUy added to the solutions to raise their conductivity. 

The values of electron work function (see Section 9.2.1) have been adduced most often when correlating electrocatalytic activities of given metals. They are situated between 3 and 5 eV. Two points were considered when selecting the electron work function as the parameter of comparison (1) it characterizes the energy of the electrons as basic, independent components of aU electrochemical reactions, and (2) it is closely related to many other parameters of metals. 

If D is taken as a traceless tensor, Tr(/)) = Da = 0, there remain only two independent components for D (neglecting the three Euler angles for orientation in a general coordinate system). Usually, these are the parameters D and E, for the axial and rhombic contribution to the ZFS ... 

A balance equation can be written for each independent component. Not all the components in a material balance will be independent. 

If there is no chemical reaction the number of independent components is equal to the number of distinct chemical species present. 

If the process involves chemical reaction the number of independent components will not necessarily be equal to the number of chemical species, as some may be related by the chemical equation. In this situation the number of independent components can be calculated by the following relationship ... 

Number of independent components = Number of chemical species —... 

If nitration acid is made up using oleum in place of the 98 per cent sulphuric acid, there will be four distinct chemical species sulphuric acid, sulphur trioxide, nitric acid, water. The sulphur trioxide will react with the water producing sulphuric acid so there are only three independent components... 

Algebraic symbols are assigned to all the unknown flows and compositions. Balance equations are then written around each sub-system for the independent components (chemical species or elements). 

Consider the general material balance problem where there are Ns streams each containing Nc independent components. Then the number of variables, N, is given by ... 

There are three streams, feed, overheads and bottoms, and three independent components in each stream. 

Consequently, one Is forced either to extrapolate from the measured time-dependent moduli In one way or another, or to estimate their time-independent component. 

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