Soap bars soaps

Prisavon. [Unichema] Soap bases for preparation of specialty soaps, toilet soap, household soap bars, soap powders, industrial and liq. soqts. 

SOAP. Salt of fatty acids. In laboratory tests, the action of soaps on aluminum alloys is variable. Many soaps cause less than 1 mpy attack while others, usually those more alkaline, are corrosive. Aluminum alloy screw conveyors, compactors, packaging equipment, and tote bins have been used in the production of soap. Bar soap has been wrapped in aluminum foil laminates. See also Ref (1) p. 142. (2)p, 647, (3)pp. 117, 239. 245 (7) p. 160,... 

Uses Detergent, emulsifier for liq. soaps, bar soaps, creams/lolions, fadal cleansers, bath preps., toiletries Properties 100% cone. 

Uses Mild foaming agent, conditioner, detergent, emulsifer, foam booster/stabi-lizer, vise, builder for shampoos, liq. soaps, bar soaps, facial cleansers, bubble baths, bath gels... 

For sodium palmitate, 5-phase is the thermodynamically preferred, or equiUbrium state, at room temperature and up to - 60° C P-phase contains a higher level of hydration and forms at higher temperatures and CO-phase is an anhydrous crystal that forms at temperatures comparable to P-phase. Most soap in the soHd state exists in one or a combination of these three phases. The phase diagram refers to equiUbrium states. In practice, the drying routes and other mechanical manipulation utilized in the formation of soHd soap can result in the formation of nonequilibrium phase stmcture. This point is important when dealing with the manufacturing of soap bars and their performance. 

It would be incomplete for any discussion of soap crystal phase properties to ignore the colloidal aspects of soap and its impact. At room temperature, the soap—water phase diagram suggests that the soap crystals should be surrounded by an isotropic Hquid phase. The colloidal properties are defined by the size, geometry, and interconnectiviness of the soap crystals. Correlations between the coUoid stmcture of the soap bar and the performance of the product are somewhat quaUtative, as there is tittle hard data presented in the literature. However, it might be anticipated that smaller crystals would lead to a softer product. Furthermore, these smaller crystals might also be expected to dissolve more readily, leading to more lather. Translucent and transparent products rely on the formation of extremely small crystals to impart optical clarity. 

Comparison of Base Soap Manufacturing Routes. Direct saponification of fats and oils is well known, characteri2ed, and straightforward requires Httle equipment and is relatively energy-efficient. However, it is not very effective with regard to changes in the fats and oils ratio desired for finished soap bar formulations. Furthermore, direct saponification has the drawbacks of lower glycerol yields, limited flexibiUty toward... 

Framing. The framed bar process is by far the oldest and the most straightforward process utilized in the production of bar soaps. The wet base soap is pumped into a heated, agitated vessel commonly referred to as a cmtcher. The minor ingredients used in soap bars such as fragrance or preservative are added to the wet soap in the cmtcher or injected in-line after reduction of product stream temperature. The hot mixture is then pumped into molds and allowed to cool. 

Traditionally, this process has been utilized primarily for simple soap bars because it tends to be time-consuming and thus somewhat limited for large-scale bar production. However, advances have been reported in automating this approach (14). Furthermore, the process requires fluid cmtcher compositions for flow into the molds. This typically requires the formulation to contain either a high level of solvents, including water, glycerol, and alcohol, and be at elevated temperatures (>80° C) when poured into the frames. Despite these limitations, it has proven to be the preferred route to producing certain specialty products, for example, transparent bars. 

Milling not only provides intimate mixing, but also eliminates variation in ribbon thickness and cmshes lumpy materials, eg, overdried soap, which might impact finished bar texture. Milling is also used for the formation of the proper bar soap crystalline phase, which plays a critical role in both the performance properties of the soap bar and the handling characteristics of the in-process soap. For example, too hot a milling temperature can create sticky soap that is difficult to process further. 

Soap Bars. In soap bars the primary surfactant is predominantly sodium salts of fatty acids. These products typically contain between 70 and 85% soap. Occasionally, potassium soap ( 5-30%) is included in the formulation to increase the solubiUty of the soap and, hence, the bar s lathering properties. The low Krafft temperatures for potassium soap are the basis for the lather enhancement, but also limits their content in bars. 

Bar Soap Additives. There are a variety of additives that may be formulated into soap bars to provide additional consumer benefits or modify the performance of the products. 

Chelants at concentrations of 0.1 to 0.2% improve the oxidative stabiUty through the complexation of the trace metal ions, eg, iron, which cataly2e the oxidative processes. Examples of the chelants commonly used are pentasodium diethylenetriarninepentaacetic acid (DTPA), tetrasodium ethylenediarninetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium etidronate (EHDP), and citric acid. Magnesium siUcate, formed in wet soap through the reaction of magnesium and siUcate ions, is another chelant commonly used in simple soap bars. 

Anionic surfactants are the most commonly used class of surfactant. Anionic surfactants include sulfates such as sodium alkylsulfate and the homologous ethoxylated versions and sulfonates, eg, sodium alkylglycerol ether sulfonate and sodium cocoyl isethionate. Nonionic surfactants are commonly used at low levels ( 1 2%) to reduce soap scum formation of the product, especially in hard water. These nonionic surfactants are usually ethoxylated fatty materials, such as H0CH2CH20(CH2CH20) R. These are commonly based on triglycerides or fatty alcohols. Amphoteric surfactants, such as cocamidopropyl betaine and cocoamphoacetate, are more recent surfactants in the bar soap area and are typically used at low levels (<2%) as secondary surfactants. These materials can have a dramatic impact on both the lathering and mildness of products (26). 

Table 2. Primary Manufacturers of Bar Soaps, Liquid Handsoaps, and Body Washes...

There are a variety of analytical methods commonly used for the characterization of neat soap and bar soaps. Many of these methods have been pubUshed as official methods by the American Oil Chemists Society (29). Additionally, many analysts choose United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), British Pharmacopoeia (BP), or Pood Chemical Codex (FCC) methods. These methods tend to be colorimetric, potentiometric, or titrametric procedures. However, a variety of instmmental techniques are also frequendy utilized, eg, gas chromatography, high performance Hquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. 

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