Smoking Subject

Pritchard WS, Robinson JH, deBethizy JD, Davis RA, Stiles MF. (1995). Caffeine and smoking subjective, performance, and psychophysiological effects. Psychophysiology. 32(1) 19-27. 

Caccetta RA, Burke V, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Puddey IB, Croft KD. 2001. Red wine polyphenols, in the absence of alcohol, reduce lipid peroxidative stress in smoking subjects. Free Radic Biol Med 30 636-642. 

Akbar-Khanzadeh F, Mlynek JS. 1997. Changes in respiratory function after one and three hours of exposure to formaldehyde in non-smoking subjects. Occup Environ Med 24 296-300. 

In a preliminary report of a study in 7 non-smoking subjects who were fast metabolisers of propafenone, phenobarbital 100 mg daily for 3 weeks reduced the levels of a single 300-mg dose of propafenone by 26 to 87% and the AUC by 10 to 89%. The intrinsic clearance inereased by 11 to 84%. The results in a further 4 heavy smokers were similar. These ehanges probably occur because phenobarbital (a potent stimulator of liver enzymes) increases the metabolism of the propafenone. The elinical importance of this awaits assessment, but check that propafenone remains effective if phenobarbital is added, and that toxicity does not occur if it is stopped. If the suggested mechanism is correct, other barbiturates would be expected to interact similarly. 

Intramacrophagic iron was 0.33 0.21 pgxl0 cells in healthy non-smoking subjects without occupational exposure (Corhay et al. 1992). Intramacrophagic iron was increased in smokers, iron-steelworkers, and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or lung cancer even in the absence of pulmonary haemorrhage. About 80 % of the whole bronchoalveolar lavage fluid iron content was in the cells. 

The effect of the nonalcoholic components of red wine was also studied [101,102]. By using wine and alcohol-free red wine extract, it was shown that although the alcohol component of the wine may be important for a favorable lipid pattern, such potential health benefits may be independent of the proposed antioxidant effects of red wine [92,100,103,104], In a 2001 study it was shown that polyphenols in dealcoholized red wine can reduce in vivo lipid peroxidation, as measured by F2-isoprostanes, in smoking subjects, whereas no reduction in lipid peroxidation was observed after red or white wine consumption [102], In 2001 human intervention study [102], it was shown that alcohol-free red wine extract can inhibit LDL oxidation ex vivo. A short-term ingestion of purple grape juice reduced LDL susceptibility to oxidation in patients with coronary artery disease [105,106]. 

As shown in Table 2, the compounds formed by transaminative catabolism of cysteine represent only a minor fraction (about 0.5 ) of all sulfur compounds present in normal human urine. It should be noted that the values given for thiocyanate were obtained on non-smoking subjects, as tobacco-smoking results in an elevated thiocyanate excretion. 

Bourque SI, Carter R, Anderson K, Boyd J, King S, Douglas B (1989) Obstructive airway disease in non-smoking subjects with pigeon fanciers lung. Clin Exp Allergy 19 629-632... 

Water drops condensed in the atmosphere have much larger dimensions than gas molecules hence they are subject to the interference phenomena mentioned at the end of the last section. This alters the color of the scattered light. Smoke and dust particles are also larger and may absorb as well. 

Limits on emissions are both subjective and objective. Subjective limits are based on the visual appearance or smell of an emission. Objective limits are based on physical or chemical measurement of the emission. The most common form of subjective limit is that which regulates the optical density of a stack plume, measured by comparison with a Ringelmann chart (Fig. 25-1). This form of chart has been in use for over 90 years and is widely accepted for grading the blackness of black or gray smoke emissions. Within the past four decades, it has been used as the basis for "equivalent opacity" regulations for grading the optical density of emissions of colors other than black or gray. 

Tobacco and its alkaloids have long ceased to have any therapeutic importance, but their extensive use as insecticides and the demand for nicotine for the manufacture of nicotinic acid have stimulated interest in processes of extraction and methods of estimation. On the latter subject there is a voluminous literature, of which critical resumes have been published by various authors.Recent work on this subject has been specially concerned with (1) the development of miero- and semi-miero-methods suitable for estimating nieotine in tobacco smoke and the distribution of nieotine on sprayed garden produce, in treated soils and in tobaeeo leaves,(2) the study of conditions necessary to ensure satisfactory results in using particular processes, " and (3) methods of separation and estimation of nicotine, nomicotine and anabasine in mixtures of these bases. ) In the United States and in Russia considerable interest is being shown in the cultivation of types of tobacco rich in nicotine, in finding new industrial uses for tobacco and its alkaloids, and in possible by-products from tobacco plants such as citric and malic acids, i " Surveys of information on tobacco alkaloids have been published by Jackson, i Marion and Spath and Kuffner. ... 

Fire is the major insurable risk to property on land. Each industry, trade or manufacturing process has its own fire problems. There are, in addition, causes of fire which are found in all occupancies (e.g. arson, smoking, and misuse of electricity). With such a wide field, it is only possible to touch lightly on the many important aspects of the subject. 

The Conradson test (ASTM D-189) measures carbon residue by evaporative and destructive distillation. The sample is placed in a preweighed sample dish. The sample is heated, using a gas burner, until vapor ceases to burn and no blue smoke is observed. After cooling, the sample dish is reweighed to calculate the percent carbon residue. The test, though popular, is not a good measure of the cokeforming tendency of FCC feed because it indicates thermal, rather than catalytic, coke. In addition, the test is labor intensive and is usually not reproducible, and the procedure tends to be subjective. 

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