Bioengineering methods

Kolbe, L., Kligman, A.M., and Stoudemayer, T., Objective bioengineering methods to assess the effects of moisturizers on xerotic leg of elderly people, J. Dermatolog. Treat., 11, 241, 2000. 

Nicander, I., Rantanen, I., Rozell, B.L. et al. The ability of betaine to reduce the irritating effects of detergents assessed visually, histologically and by bioengineering methods. Skin Res. Technol. 2003 9 50-8. 

Mortz, C.G., Andersen, K.E., and Halkier-Sorensen, L., The efficacy of different moisturizers on barrier recovery in hairless mice evaluated by non-invasive bioengineering methods. A model to select the potentially most effective product, Contact Derm., 36, 297, 1997. 

Fluhr, J.W., Pfisterer, S., and Gloor, M. Direct comparison of skin physiology in children and adults with bioengineering methods. Pediatr. Dermatol. 2000 17 436 139. 

Fischer, T.W., Wigger-Alberti, W., and Eisner, P. Assessment of dry skin current bioengineering methods and tests designs. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 14, 183-195 (2001). 

Bioengineering methods to measure skin responses to chemical probes... 

Bioengineering Methods and Biophysiological Parameters in Sensitive Skin Research30... 

Van Neste, D. and de Brouwer, B., Monitoring of skin response to sodium lauryl sulfate clinical scores versus bioengineering methods, Contact Dermatitis, 27, 151-156, 1992. 

Graham, J.S., Schomacker, K.T., Glatter, R.D., Briscoe, C.M., Braue, E.H., Jr., Squibb, K.S. (2002a). Bioengineering methods employed in the study of wound healing of sulphur mustard hums. Skin Res. Technol. 8 57-69. 

Ito et al (16) used combinatorial bioengineering methods to produce new biomaterials based on amino acids, nucleic acid, and non-natural components. In a different way, Silvestri et al (7) produced biomaterials by combining enzymes with synthetic polymers some examples were combinations of a-amylase with poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene glycol), and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate). Jong (9) used soy protein as a reinforcement material in elastomers and observed an increase in the rubber modulus. 

What place does mathematics have in bioengineering methods ... 

Dry skin, which is difficult to define, has subjective and objective clinical symptoms, and morphological modifications on histology (Rudikoff 1998). It can be quantified by bioengineering methods such as conductance and capacitance, which are directly dependent on the water content of the SC and, indirectly, by TEWL (Berardesca and Borroni 1995), which is the best measure for epidermal skin barrier efficiency, especially on dynamic studies (Reed et al. 1995). 

Table 7. Non-invasive bioengineering methods for characterisation of skin properties in occupational dermatology (Iliev et al. 1998)...

The development in recent years of noninvasive instrumental techniques has considerably increased the level of discrimination between products or surfactants. Significant differences in terms of interaction of products with skin surface are now detected much earlier than clinical signs of irritation. Different test protocols have been described in the literature [86] and have been developed in order to induce no or minimal clinical irritation and compare the effect of siufactants by means of instrumental measurements. Transepidermal water loss (evaporimetry), skin capacitance/conductance (skin surface electrical measurements), and vascular status (laser Doppler flowmetry) measurements seem among the most sensitive bioengineering methods for such a purpose. They assess the effect of the surfactants on alteration of the skin barrier function, skin surface hydration, and microvessels blood flow, respectively. 

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