Skin research

Several official documents, provided by the European authorities and the FDA, are at the disposal of researchers in the field of skin research [1, 2, 17-19], Where ambiguities and freedom of interpretation remain, advice, on how to practically apply this guidance to protocols in current use, is at hand [20],... 

Artificial skin had been made from a bilayer fabricated from a cross-linked mixture of bovine hide, collagen, and chondroitin-B-sulfate derived from shark cartilage with a thin top layer of siloxane. The siloxane layer acts as a moisture- and oxygen-permeable support and to protect the lower layer from the outer world allowing skin formation to occur in conjunction with the lower layer. Poly(amino acid) films have also been used as an artificial skin. Research continues in search of a skin that can be effectively used to cover extensive wounds and for burn patients. 

Volatile compounds produced by two species of Dermatophagoides mites. Skin Research 39(suppl. 19) 52-55. (In Japanese with English summary.)... 

Modified with permission from Skin Research and Technology. 

There are more than a hundred pharmaceutical and biotech companies involved in some sorts of transdermal or skin research. This table is not intended to provide a complete list of all these companies but a few examples to the readers. The omission of any companies in the list is not intentional. 

Keith Brain, BPharm, PhD, is head of the drug delivery research group at Cardiff University. His major responsibilities are in molecular recognition research and skin research. He is also CEO of An-eX, a university-based spinoff company formed in 1988, which specialises in confidential contract research and development for international clients. He has organized several international conferences on skin research and workshops on molecular imprinting. 

In skin research, drug and chemical targeting to various layers of skin is of great interest. For this piupose, various approaehes have been tried. Confocal laser scanning microscopy has been employed to study the influence of permeant lipophilicity and vehicle composition on local chemical acciunulation (Grams et al., 2003). In these studies, fluorescently labeled liposomes were applied on skin in vivo, and the penetration pathway and penetration depth of the lipophflie fluorescent label into the skin was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (Van Kuijk-Meuwis-sen et al., 1998). 

Williams, P.L., Brooks, J.D., Inman, A.O., Monteiro-Riviere, N.A., and Riviere, J.E. (1994). Determination of physicochemical properties of phenol, p-nitrophenol, acetone and ethanol relevant to quantitating their percutaneous absorption in porcine skin. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology, 83 61-75. 

In order to achieve improved contact between the electrodes and the hmnan skin, researchers exploited the embroidery technology as the embroidered part is elevated from the textile surface and, hence, a better contact can be achieved (Reichl et al., 2008 Marozas et al., 2011). Here again, silver-coated yams were found to have a low impedance (Weder et al., 2015) and appeared to be unaffected by laundering (Kannaian et al., 2012). Typical electrode designs are depicted in Fig. 2.2. 

Sources of research funds include grants and scholarships from governmental institutions, foundations, associations, and corporate partners. In the United States, at least two branches of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)—the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases— are involved in patient education and research regarding cutaneous disorders. The American Academy of Dermatology and the Society for Investigative Dermatolc also are committed to supporting the development of a strong skin research environment. 

Dal belo, S. E., Rigo Caspar, L., Campos, B. G. M. and Maria, P. 2006. Moisturizing effect of cosmetic formulations containing Aloe vera extract in different concentrations assessed by skin bioengineering techniques. Skin Research and Technology, 12 (4), pp. 241—246. Defronzo, R.A., Bonadonna, R.C., Ferrannini, E., 1992. Pathogenesis of NIDDM. A balanced... 

Linoleic acid is used in making soaps, emulsifiers, and quick-drying oils. Reduction of linoleic acid yields linoleyl alcohol. Linoleic acid has become increasingly popular in the beauty products industry because of its beneficial properties on the skin. Research points to linoleic acid s anti-inflammatory, acne reductive, and moisture retentive properties when applied topically on the skin. 

The author gratefully acknowledges the technical assistance of the Skin Research Group, the Library staff at Colgate-Palmolive, and the patience of his family. 

Thomas G. Polefka Advanced Skin Research, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey... 

Tabatabaee k.,Esteki A, Extraction of skin lesion texture features based on independent component analysis,skin Research and Technology, wiley, 2009,433-439... 

In skin care industry and dermatology, analysis of human skin tone is an important parameter for evaluating the current condition of the skin. Research has shown that the human skin tones are due to the combination of skin chromophores (pigments) such as melanin, haemoglobin, bilirubin and beta-carotene [Buxton, 2003]. Tsumura however proposed that skin tone is mainly determined by melanin in the epidermal layer and haemoglobin in the derma layer [Tsumura, 2008]. 

Airborne Respiratory, eye, and skin Research laboratories, animal OSHA 29 CFR 1910.94,... 

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