Sitosterol palmitate

Cynomorium coccineum L. C. songarium L. Su Yang (Juniper) (stem) Anthocyanin, beta-sitosterol, palmitic acid, ursolic acid, daucosterol, catechin, naringenin-4 -0-pyranogluoside, succinic acid.53-215 Improve immunity, stimulate endocrine system, aphrodisiac, spermatopoietic. 

Nuphar japonicum DC N. pumilum (Timm) DC Japan Pin Peng Cao (Yellow pond lily) (seed, root) Nupharamine, sitosterol, palmitic acid, oleic acid.74 75 For digestive organs, increases body strength. 

Tamarindus indicus L. Luo Huang Zi (Tamarind) (stem, fruit) Tannins, beta-amyrin, campesterol, beta-sitosterol, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, eicosanoic acid, arabinose, xylose, galactose, glucose, uronic acid, pectins, mucilage, vitamin B.60-216 Diuretic, purgative, for liver disorders, inappetence, digestion, and hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic properties. 

Arata, Y. and H. Matsuda. 1961. Constituents of Rhizoma nupharis. XVII. Isolation of P-sitosterol, palmitic acid, and oleic acid. Kanazawa Daigaku Yakugakubu Kenyu Nempo 10 35-39. 

Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) DC A. verticillata Fisch. Che Ye Sha Seng Lun Ye Sha Seng (Bellflower) (root) Inulin, taraxerone, beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, beta-sitosteryl palmitate, lupenone.53 Antidotal, aphrodisiac, demulcent, expectorant, restorative, sialogogue, tonic. 

Jatropha podagrica Hooker San Hu You Tong (stem bark) Tetramethylpyrazine, steroids, n-hexacosane, beta-amirine, lupeol palmitate, beta-sitosterol, rutin, flavonoids, quercetin, apigenin, vitexin, isovitexin.57-207 208 This herb is toxic. Detoxicant, hypotensive, neuromuscular and cardiovascular actions, antibacterial, relieve swelling, pain, externally treat snakebite, infection. 

Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro Jia Gou Ju (root) Ponasterone A, ecdysterone, palmitic acid, astragalin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, ferulic, protocatechuic, beta-sitosterol, campesterol, filicin, stigmasterol, pterosterone.48-217 Tonic, lower blood pressure. 

N.A. Linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, sitosterol, diosgenin, tigonenin, solanine, chaconine, solasodine, solasonine, solamargine.145 This herb is toxic. Remedy for tumors and cancer, diuretic, treat eye diseases, fevers, hydrophobia. It is laxative, emollient, anti-inflammatory. 

Soya (soybean) Glycine max (Leguminosae/ Fabaceae) seed 18-20 linoleic (44-62%), oleic (19-30), palmitic (7-14), a-linolenic (4-11), stearic (1-5) food oil, dietary supplement, carrier oil (aromatherapy) Soya oil contains substantial amounts of the sterols sitosterol and stigmasterol (see page 256)... 

Echium oil is mainly composed of a-linolenic (30-33%), linoleic (14-18%), y-linolenic (10-13%), stearidonic (13-15%), oleic (14—17%), and palmitic (6-7%) acids. Like other vegetable oils, echium oil contains between 0.6% and 1.8% unsa-ponifiable matter. The oil samples analyzed by Bioriginal Food Science Corp. showed an average content of 0.91% total unsaponihable matter, campesterol was 15.71%, beta-sitosterol was 12.53%, stigmasterol was 0.55%, and others were 33.52%. Tocopherols constituted 8.37% of total unsaponihable matter and consisted of alpha- (0.53%), gamma- (6.92%), and delta-(0.92%) tocopherols. The fatty acid prohle of echium oil is given in Table 3. 

The proximate composition of almond includes 50.6% lipid, 21.3% protein, 19.7% carbohydrate, 5.3% water, and 3.1% ash (w/w) (1). The most common method for producing almond oil is hexane extraction that affords high oil yields, however, cold pressing is another commercially used procedure for almond oil production (8). Shi et al. (8) assessed the fatty acid composition of almond oil oleic acid was major fatty acid present (68%), followed by hnoleic acid (25%), palmitic acid (4.7%), and small amounts (<2.3%) of palmitoleic, stearic, and ara-chidic acids (Table 1). Almond oil is also a rich source of a-tocopherol (around 390 mg/kg) and contains trace amounts of other tocopherol isomers as well as phyl-loquinone (70pg/kg) (1). Almond oil contains 2.6g/kg phytosterols, mainly p-sitosterol, with trace amounts of stigmasterol and campesterol (1). 

The fatty acid composition of hazelnut oil is as follows 78-83% oleic acid, 9-10% linoleic acid, 4—5% palmitic acid, and 2-3% stearic acid as well as other minor fatty acids (Table 3) (1, 22). Parcerisa et al. (23) examined lipid class composition of hazelnut oil, showing that triacylglycerols constituted 98.4% of total lipids, glycolipids comprised 1.4% of total hpids, and trace amounts (<0.2%) of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol were also present. Hazelnut oil contains 1.2-1.14 g/kg of phytosterols primarily in the form of p-sitosterol and is a very good source of a-tocopherol (382-472 mg/kg) (1, 22). The main odorant in... 

Pecan tree (Carya illinoinensis) is native to the United States but has also been naturalized for commercial pecan production throughout the world, including Australia, South Africa, and several middle eastern and South America countries (33). Fat is the predominant constituent in all pecan varieties, ranging from 65% to 75% (w/w) (1, 33, 34). Other constituents include 13.9% carbohydrate, 9.1% protein, 3.5% water, and 1.5% ash (w/w) (1). The predominant fatty acids present in pecan oil are oleic (55%), linoleic (33%), linolenic (2%), palmitic (7%), and stearic (2%) acids (Table 4) (34). The most predominant tocol in pecan oil was y-tocopherol (176mg/kg), followed by ot-tocopherol (lOmg/kg), and then 5- and p-tocopherols (6.2mg/kg) (1). Pecan oil also contains 0.73 g/kg phytosterols that exist primarily as (3-sitosterol (around 90%) (1). 

Walnuts contain about 65% lipids, however, considerable differences exist among varieties (range 52-70%, w/w) (1,40). Walnuts also contain 15.8% protein, 13.7% carbohydrate, 4.1% water, and 1.8% ash (w/w) (1). The fatty acid composition of walnut oil is unique compared with other tree nut oils for two reasons walnut oil contains predominantly linoleic acid (49-63%) and a considerable amount of ot-linolenic acid (8-15.5%). Other fatty acids present include oleic acid (13.8-26.1%), palmitic acid (6.7-8.7%), and stearic acid (1.4—2.5%) (Table 5) (40). The tocopherol content of walnut oil varies among different cultivars and extraction procedures and ranges between 268 mg/kg and 436 mg/kg. The predominant tocol isomer is y-tocopherol (>90%), followed by a-tocopherol (6%), and then (3- and 8-tocopherols (41). Nonpolar lipids have been shown to constitute 96.9% of total lipids in walnut oil, whereas polar lipids account for 3.1%. The polar lipid fraction consisted of 73.4% sphingolipids (ceramides and galactosylcera-mides) and 26.6% phospholipids (predominantly phosphatidylethanolamine) (42). Walnut oil contains approximately 1.8g/kg phytosterols (1), primarily p-sitosterol (85%), followed by A-5-avenasterol (7.3%), campesterol (4.6%), and, finally, cholesterol (1.1%) (42). 

The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an evergreen species native to tropical America and contains 47% oil (w/w) (1, 68). Other components of cashew nuts include carbohydrate (27.1%), protein (18.2%), water (5.2%), and ash (2.5%) The predominant fatty acid in cashew nut oil is oleic acid (57.3-65.1%), followed by linoleic (15.6-18.6%), and palmitic (9.0-14.2%) acids (Table 10) (68). Cashew nut oil contains 1.4% unsaponifiable matter (w/w), of which 76.2-82.7% is p-sitosterol. Other sterols present in cashew nut oil include A -avenasterol, campesterol, fucosterol, cholesterol, and stigmasterol (68). Cashew nut oil contains 45.3-83.5 mg/lOOg y-tocopherol other tocopherols present are a-tocopherol (2.8-8.2 mg/lOOg) and 5-tocopherol (2.0-5.9 mg/100 g) (68). 

Among the simple lipids are also the cholesterol and cholesterol esters with acids such as palmitic, stearic, or oleic. These compounds are common compounds in most animal cells, although not in plants. Besides cholesterol, other zoosterols are known [la]. Several sterols are also present in plants (phytosterols), the most common being the sitosterol(s) and stigmasterol. 

The fatty acid distribution in esterified sterols differs from that of canola oil the sterol esters contain higher levels of palmitic and stearic acids. In canola oil, sitosterol and campesterol are equally distributed in the esterified and free sterol fractions. Twice the amount of brassicasterol was found in free sterols than in esterified sterols. The total amount of sterols in rapeseed and canola oils ranges from 0.7 to 1.0%. 

Cholesterol /3-D-glucoside-6 -C)-palmitate from Pythium sylvaticum has been isolated and characterized (McMorris and White, 1977). This compound was formed when cholesterol was supplied to the growth medium, and analogous compounds were formed when sitosterol and campesterol were supplied. It seems likely that ASG is also present in Phytophthera cac-torum (Elliott and Knights, 1974). 

FIGURE 3.5 Some examples of extractives from wood and non-wood natural fibers (a) Abietic acid (diterpenoids), (b) Limonene (monoterpene), (c) Oleic acid (fatty acids), (d) Sitosteryl 3P-D-glucopyranoside, (e) palmitic acid, (f) octacosanol, (g) octacosanal, and (h) Sitosterol (Marques et. al., 2010). 

Fatty acids (e.g. arachidic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid), sterols (P-sitosterol, daucosterol), gobosterin... 

Ursolic acid, palmitates of P-sitosterol, P-sitosterol, stigmasterin... 

---