Shuttle vehicles

Space Shuttle Space shuttle Columbia Space shuttle orbiter Space shuttle vehicles Space suits Space technology... 

In bulk coating processes, bulk materials are joined to the substrate either by a surface melt process or by attachment of the soHd material. An example of the latter is the appHcation of heat-resistant tiles of sHica-type material to the aluminum alloy skin of a space shuttle vehicle, enabling the vehicle to withstand the reentry heat. 

Space shuttle vehicles -vitreous silica windows [SILICA - VITREOUS SILICA] (Vol 21)... 

While risk was an explicit, albeit ambiguous, part of the vocabulary of safety within NASA s space shuttle program, the Mission Management Team, concerned with guaranteeing safety of the shuttle vehicle and crew, did not explicitly consider risk or uncertainty. In particular, an examination of the written transcripts of the STS-107 MMT meetings reveals that, while safety of flight was considered a critical issue for its consideration, no direct acknowledgments of risks and uncertainties were contemplated. 

Lidar systems have been tested from space utilizing the Shuttle vehicle [10.117]. Primarily, Mie scattering hdai measurements of particles and cloud structures have been performed. Several space lidar projects are being planned [10.118]. Global wind mapping is the sin e most important task for a continously monitoring space system. 

Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are an arrangement of a sheet of carbon atoms joined in a pattern of hexagons and rolled into a cylinder. The conductivity of the nanotubes depends on the way in which the ends wrap around and meet. The mass-strength ratio and exceptional mechanical properties are of importance for space applications as critical parts of both shuttle vehicles and satellites depend on strength and toughness of the materials, while there are strict limitations on the weight of the... 

Solids. Increasing use of bulk cars, especially of covered hopper cars, has accompanied the expansion of the tank-car fleet. The principal drawback of bulk cars is the requirement for limited use, specialized cars, which necessitates a large investment. However, if such investment can be justified, the cost of transportation for dry bulk materials ia hopper cars usually is less than those for goods ia shipping containers. In many instances, such cars are used in closed-loop service that is, they shuttle in unit trains between filling and discharge points. Similar equipment is also used in specialized highway vehicles whose tmck bodies can incorporate dump hoppers and built-in conveyors. 

When you write on a blackboard with chalk, you are not unduly inconvenienced if 3 pieces in 10 break while you are using it but if 1 in 2 broke, you might seek an alternative supplier. So the failure probability, Pf, of 0.3 is acceptable (just barely). If the component were a ceramic cutting tool, a failure probability of 1 in 100 (Pf= 10 ) might be acceptable, because a tool is easily replaced. But if it were the window of a vacuum system, the failure of which can cause injury, one might aim for a Pf of lO and for a ceramic protective tile on the re-entry vehicle of a space shuttle, when one failure in any one of 10,000 tiles could be fatal, you might calculate that a Pf of 10 was needed. 

Historically, polymer-matrix composite materials such as boron-epoxy and graphite-epoxy first found favor in applications, followed by metal-matrix materials such as boron-aluminum. Ceramic-matrix and carbon-matrix materials are still under development at this writing, but carbon-matrix materials have been applied in the relatively limited areas of reentry vehicle nosetips, rocket nozzles, and the Space Shuttle since the early 1970s. 

Space Shuttle 1-2 solid boosters 2,040 tons orbiter 94,000 1.45% reusable launch vehicle (RLV). 

One of the seemingly obvious ways to cut down the cost is a reusable launch vehicle, such as the Space Shuttle. NA.SA hoped that the enormous cost of the Space Shuttle development would have been compensated by the expected tenfold reduction in the price of putting a payload in orbit. Unfortunately, that goal was not achieved. Despite the Shuttle s unique capabilities, the cost of its payload deliveiy... 

The space shuttle and other aerospace vehicles use carbon-carbon extensively in nose cap, leading edges, structural panels, and other components. 

Lithium-ion (shuttle-cock, rocking-chair, swing) battery is widely considered as the most advanced power source for consumer electronics and is regarded as the most promising battery technology for a variety of other applications, such as electric vehicles, medicine and space exploration. One of the most critical factors in designing successful Li-ion cell is the choice of... 

MEMS-based hydrogen sensors have been used in NASA shuttle missions STS-95 and STS-96. Hydrogen sensors were also a part of an "Integrated Vehicle Health Monitoring HEDS Technology Demonstration" series conducted at the NASA Kennedy Space Center. 

A major problem for the SPS is the current cost of space launches. Current rates on the Space Shuttle are 3,000 to 5,000 per pound ( 6,600/ kg and 11,000/kg). Launch costs of less than 400-500/kg are thought to be necessary for SPS. Economies of scale on expendable vehicles could provide some large reductions in launch costs. Thousands of rocket launches could reduce the costs by ten to twenty times based on experience with similar technical achievements. This places the costs into the range where this system could be conceivably attempted. Large reusable vehicles could... 

The launch of the space shuttle and other vehicles such as the Titan launch vehicles results in emissions directly into the troposphere and the stratosophere. Exhaust emissions include A1203 (30% by weight), CO (24%), HC1 (21%), H20 (10%), N2 (9%), C02 (4%), and H2 (2%) (Danilin, 1993). 

Further, space shuttles, spacecrafts and other new launch vehicles would be used for exploring the moon, Mars, Saturn and other planets and again large quantities of propellants and some pyro devices as well would be required for such missions. 

The next generation of space vehicles will feature capsules that return to Earth via parachute. This is in contrast to the glider reentry Space Shuttle design. Shown here is Lockheed-Marrins preliminary design, which features an aerodynamic Crew Exploration Vehicle, CEV, that permits some maneuverability during descent. 

The crew compartment and many other vehicle fragments were eventually recovered from the ocean floor after a lengthy search and recovery operation. Although the exact timing of the death of the crew is unknown, several crew members are known to have survived the initial breakup of the spacecraft. However, the shuttle had no escape system and the astronauts did not survive the impact of the crew compartment with the ocean surface. 

Aluminum as energy (fuel) source. The high energy content of aluminum has made it a logical choice as a sold fuel for boosting vehicles, such as the space shuttle, into orbit. 

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