Shampoo sulfur

Medicated Dandruff Shampoos. Dandmff is a scalp condition characterized by the production of excessive cellular material (18). A number of shampoos have been marketed which are designed to control and alleviate this condition, and many additives have been included in shampoo compositions to classify them as treatment products for dandmff. These additives include antimicrobial additives, eg, quaternary ammonium salts keratolytic agents, eg, saUcychc acid and sulfur heavy metals, eg, cadmium sulfide coal tar resorcinol and many others. More recent (ca 1993) systems use selenium sulfide [7488-56-4] or zinc pyrithione [13463-41 -7] as active antidandmff shampoo additives. Both of these additives are classified as dmgs, but can be found in over-the-counter products. A stronger version, incorporating the use of higher levels of selenium sulfide in a shampoo, is available but requires a prescription for purchase. 

Medicine and Nutrition. A stabilized buffered suspension of selenium sulfide has been marketed for many years as Selsun Blue (Abbott Laboratories) for control of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp. A similar sulfur or selenium sulfide shampoo containing a metallic cation complex has been prepared (122). Topical appHcation of selenium sulfide controls dermatitis, pmritis, and mange iu dogs (see Cosmetics Veterinarydrugs). 

The acid is rather slow to react with aUphatic hydrocarbons unless a double bond or other reactive group is present. This permits straight-chain fatty alcohols such as lauryl alcohol [112-53-8] C22H2 0, to be converted to the corresponding sulfate without the degradation or discoloration experienced with the more vigorous reagent sulfur trioxide. This is important in shampoo base manufacture (see Hairpreparations). 

Manusept (Seton) 1 Dopo Pik (Tipomark) Sulfur-8 Shampoo... 

Alcohol ether sulfates (R0(CH2CH20)S03"Na-") - alcohol ethoxy-late reacted with sulfur trioxide and then neutralized in NaOH. Application s include dishwashing liquids and shampoos, home laundry powders, and personal care products. 

Alcohol sulfates (AS) are usually manufactured by the reaction of a primary alcohol with sulfur trioxide or chlorosulfonic acid followed by neutralization with a base. These are high foam surfactants but they are sensitive to water hardness and higher levels of phosphates are required. This latter requirement has harmed the market for this type of detergent, but they are 2% of production for the major household surfactant market. Sodium lauryl sulfate (R = Cn) is a constituent of shampoos to take advantage of its high-foaming properties. 

The crown structure of cpc/o-octasulfur, Sg, is only one member of an homologous series of S (n = 6-26) rings (Figure 4). Additionally, cyclic sulfur oxides such as SeO and S7O2 and mixed sulfur-selenium systems are known. These latter compounds are of some coimnercial significance, with applications as diverse as antidandruff shampoos, fireworks, and polymerization inhibitors. 

Fatty Alcohol Ether Sulfates. Probably the most important derivatives of fatty alcohol in the C12-C14 and C12-C16 ranges are the fatty alcohol ether sulfates. They are produced by the sulfation of the fatty alcohol, containing 2-3 moles of ethylene oxide, with sulfur trioxide or chlorosulfonic acid and subsequently neutralized with caustic soda, ammonia, or an alkanolamine. The ether sulfates possess superior properties over the fatty alcohol sulfates. They have unlimited water solubility, are unaffected by water hardness, and possess superior skin compatibility. Accordingly, they are used in liquid shampoos and bath preparations. One characteristic of this material is its ability to increase its viscosity by the addition of an electrolyte such as salt (5). 

Shampoos are also formulated with antidandruff agents. Water-insoluble antidandruff agents, such as zinc pyrithione (ZPT), selenium sulfide, climbazole, coal tar derivatives, and sulfur, have been used in many products for treating dandruff. In the last decade there have been many new developments in this kind of product providing improved antidandruff efficacy. Three-in-one shampoos are also available, which provide cleaning, conditioning, and antidandruff benefits in one product. 

U.S. 6649155 (2003) Dunlop et al. (Procter Gamble) 0.02-5% cationic guar gum derivative (mol wt from 50,000 to 700,000, charge density from 0.05 to 1.0 meq/g) 0.1—4% antidandruff particulate (pyridinethione salts, selenium sulfide, or sulfur) nonvolatile conditioning agent Improved coacervate formed between the cationic polymer and anionic surfactant upon dilution of the shampoo superior combination of antidandruff efficacy and conditioning (three-in-one)... 

Therapeutic Effects of Sulfur For many hundreds of years, sulfur has been used to treat dermatological conditions such as acne (Borelli and Weitgasser 1955) and ulcers (Sollman 1957). Sulfur is a component of shampoos used to treat alopecia (Chase 1954) and dandruff (Lin et al. 1988). Furthermore, sulfur has been used successfully against mycoses (Rieth and... 

Se concentrations in municipal effluents vary widely, from 1.0 to over l(X)0/rg/l (Capon, 1991 Kapoor et al, 1995 Adriano, 2001). Extensive use of Se is found in the electronics industries for the manufacture of photocells, rectifiers, photometers, and xerographic equipment. It is used as a pigment in the glass industry, as a sulfur supplement in the rubber industry, as a pigment in plastic and ceramics, and for coating stainless steel and copper. Selenium is an antioxidant found sometimes in mineral and vegetable oils, lubricants and inks and is used in the manufacture of dandruff shampoo (Adriano, 2001). 

Trace elements are bound to human hair to differing degrees e.g., copper is very firmly bound. Measurements of the cross-section of a follicle have revealed that copper migrates into the hair on washing [32]. Such a treatment in contrast causes considerable losses of cadmium. The mere use of a sulfur-containing shampoo makes selenium measurements useless, since it is a contaminant of the sulfur in the shampoo and can be taken up, yielding falsely high concentrations. 

Alkyl ether sulfates (AES), which are the sulfuric add monoesters of alfcoxylated alcohols, are the most widely used surfactants in detergent personal care products. They are mainly encountered in liquid formulations such as shower gels, bath foams, and shampoos. Their chemical formula is as follows ... 

A specific example is sodium lauryl sulfate (32, = 11) obtained by sulfation of lauryl alcohol (33, n = 11) and extensively used in handwashing of fabrics, shampoos and dentrifices. The sulfation of alcohols has been described in detail in Chapter 5. In this reaction, chlorosulfonic acid is often the preferred reagent and the use of chlorosulfonic acid in ether is the standard procedure for sulfation of higher primary and secondary alkanols (see Chapter 5, p 155). However, in the modem large scale manufacture of detergents by sulfation of alcohols, sulfur trioxide is often the reagent of choice. 

The sulfate derivatives of, for instance, a-tocopherol, are prepared by reaction of the vitamin E derivative with sulfur trioxide or chlorosulfonic acid. The resultant sulfate was then neutralized by treatment with ammonia, sodium hydroxide or triethanolamine yielding an anion surfactant which is used in soaps, shampoos and cosmetics (Chapter 5, Section 3 and Chapter 8, Section 4). 

Uses Emulsifier, suspending agent for silicones, zinc pyrithione, sulfur, selenium sulfide, coal tar, oil extracts emulsifier in cosmetics opacifier conditioning and antidandruff shampoos Reguletory Canada DSL... 

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