Separator temperature

Aniline point NF M 07-021 ISO 2977 ASTMD611 Phase separation temperature of a hydrocarbon/ aniline mixture... 

In addition, the separator temperature and pressure of the surface facilities are typically outside the two-phase envelope, so that no liquids form during separation. This makes the prediction of the produced fluids during development very simple, and gas sales contracts can be agreed with the confidence that the fluid composition will remain constant during field life in the case of a dry gas. 

Fig. 3. Phase-separation temperatures for 50 50 PVC—a-MSAN blends, where (-------) represents the blend drying temperature, ( ) are experimentally...

Blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and a-methylstyrene—acrylonitrile copolymers (a-MSAN) exhibit a miscibiUty window that stems from an LCST-type phase diagram. Figure 3 shows how the phase-separation temperature of 50% PVC blends varies with the AN content of the copolymer (96). This behavior can be described by an appropriate equation-of-state theory and interaction energy of the form given by equation 9. 

Four separate temperatures, in spool pieee ahead of inlet flange, 90° apart. 

Four separate temperatures, elose to expander diseharge flange. 

For this case it is impractical to lower the dew point with methanol. A more practical solution would be to separate the condensate first. At 1,000 psia the dew point is 68.4°F (see example in Chapter 5). Assuming a separator temperature of 75°F the amount of methanol needed to lower the dew point of gas to 65°F is 9.7 Ib/MMscf. Using a surge factor of 1.4, the required injection rate is only 13.6 Ib/MMscf or 2.0 gal/MMscf. 

In summary, a colder separation temperature removes more liquid from the gas stream adequate bottom heating melts the hydrates and revaporizes the lighter components so they may rejoin the sales gas instead of remaining in liquid form to be flashed off at lower pressure and cold refluxing recondenscs the heavy components that may also have been vaporized in the warming process and prevents their loss to the gas stream. 

These measure oil temperature from a separate temperature indicator. 

H. U. Khan, J. Handoo, K. M. Agrawal, and G. C. Joshi. Determination of wax separation temperature of crude oils from their viscosity behaviour. Erdol Erdgas Kohle, 107(l) 21-22, January 1991. 

As indicated above, the Model 611 does not require a separate temperature probe and so it has no temperature knob to be operated its circuits instead perform the following functions (abbreviated as in the Orion specification) (1) induce ac signal across pH probe (2) measure average dc potential of probe (3) convert amplitude of ac signal to dc potential (V) (4) calculate log V (5) measure in-phase ac current through probe (6) convert current to dc potential proportional to current (/) (7) calculate log / (8) calculate log R (resistance of probe) = log V - log I (9) convert log R into signal proportional to temperature (displayed) (10) use temperature signal to correct pH, to be read. 

Separation selectivity in LC depends on various factors. The most important is the choice of the stationary and mobile phases (Chen et al., 2004 Guo et al., 1987). In addition, the separation temperature (Hancock et al., 1994) and gradient slope (Chloupek et al., 1994) have also been shown to have a moderate impact on LC selectivity. 

Equations (18) and (16) define a temperature where Gaussian behavior is observed (the phase separation temperature) where % — 1/2 and thermal energy is just sufficient to break apart PP and SS interactions to form PS interactions. Equation (12) using (17) for Vc is called the Flory-Krigbaum equation. This expression indicates that only three states are possible for a polymer coil at thermal equilibrium ... 

Figure 3 Radius of gyration, Rg, and hydrodynamic radius, Rh, versus temperature for polystyrene in cyclohexane. Vertical line indicates the phase separation temperature. 

Light scattering and electron microscopy studies of aqueous PVME solutions and PVME microgels were carried out by Arndt et al. [329,330]. They noted that the Mw of PVME in water was always higher (up to 20 times) than its value (Mw = 46 000gmoH) determined in organic solvent (butanone), even for dilute aqueous PVME solutions well below the phase-separation temperature [330]. Moreover the molar masses of the polymer in water depended on solution preparation conditions. The authors concluded that PVME does not exist as isolated chains in water, but forms loose aggregates (Rh = 200-220 nm) which decrease in size as the solution temperature passes... 

The temperature difference between inlet and outlet temperature at the coil(s) of the refrigerant should be smaller than 1 °C (AT < 1 °C), to ensure a uniform condensation on the total coil. On warmer areas no ice will condense until the temperature at the ice surface has increased to the warmer temperature on the coil. For large surfaces it is necessary to use several coils or plates in parallel, each of which must be separately temperature controlled. If the condenser is operated in an overflow mode, the weight of the liquid column should not change the boiling temperature of the liquid at the bottom of the column measurably. 

In addition to the above strategies, the use of higher column temperatures is another approach that may decrease analysis time and improve sample throughput. The relationship between the chromatographic retention factor, k, and separation temperature is shown in Equation 13.1 ... 

Lower separation temperatures frequently used in HPLC allow more effective intermolecular interactions. 

The temperature at which separations are performed is another variable that can markedly affect separations. Temperatures up to 50 or 60°C often result in improved separations due to decreased viscosity and better mass transfer. Solute stability at these elevated temperatures should be determined prior to use. 

A precise control of the column temperature is not only a must but also a requisite, whether it is intended to maintain an invariant-temperature or to provide a programmed-temperature. Importantly, the temperature of the column oven must be controlled by a system that is sensitive enough to changes of 0.01°C and that maintains an accurate control to 0.1 °C. In normal practice, an air-bath chamber surrounds the column and air is circulated by a blower through the thermal compartment. However, separate temperature controls are very much desirable for the vaporizer block as well as the detector-oven. 

FIGURE 13 Analysis of (I) formic, (2) chloroacetic, (3) acrylic, (4) acetic, (5) methacrylic, (6) propionic acids, between I and 20pg/mL, with 30 mM PDC buffer at pH 5.4. The separation temperature is set at 35°C to lower the pH by 0.02 units, which is sufficient to allow separation of acrylic and acetic acids which otherwise will co-migrate. Octanoic acid (7) is used as internal standard. 

Separation conditions can be optimized with respect to the capillary length (L), capillary ID, separation voltage (V), and separation temperature (T). 

Capillary length Capillary inner diameter (ID) Separation voltage Separation temperature Focusing time... 

Both the cyclic carbonates and NOP are able to dissolve the catalyst. It was observed that at separation temperature NOP can be found in the product phase as well as in the catalyst phase. This causes again imdesired catalyst leaching (Table 8) albeit at levels that could be reduced already down to 1% with BC as the polar phase. Thus, it was necessary to identify a mediator with a similar property like NOP that exclusively can be found in the catalyst phase. 

As stated previously the main criteria in solvent selection for extraction purposes is the polarity. To prevent miscibihty of the mediator with the product phase at separation temperature the mediator s polarity has to be preferably in the range of the cyclic carbonate. Table 9 shows that with decreasing chain length of the N substituent of a pyrrohdone cycle, the solubil-... 

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