Industrial separators

Organic fluorine as a separate industry that began in the late 1920s with the discovery by Midgle of fluorocarbons for use as refrigerants. Ammonia was unsuitable because of the hazard and unpleasant smell from minute leaks. Sulfur dioxide had similar problems. The best refrigerant was... 

Air separation industry, U.S., 27 754 Air-separation plants, 27 359, 750-751 Air-separation units, krypton and xenon recovery from, 2 7 362 Air-slaked lime, 15 26 Air slaking, 25 43 Air sparging... 

United States, See also American entries Army Corps of Engineers Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal entries Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Government entries National entries OSHA ozone exposure limits U.S. entries acrylic fiber consumption in, ll 220t acrylic fiber production in, 11 189 advanced materials research, 1 696 air separation industry in, 17 754 aliphatic fluorocarbon production in,... 

Most analyzers incorporate a personal computer (PC) for data acquisition, control, data analysis, presentation/display of results, and communications. Many are integrated via Ethernet-based networks. Two approaches are used either the computer is integrated into the analyzer package, including the visual display and keyboard/control panel (an abbreviated keyboard or a preprogrammed equivalent), or a separate industrial-grade... 

The membrane separation processes described above represent the bulk of the industrial membrane separation industry. Another process, dialysis, is not used industrially but is used on a large scale in medicine to remove toxic metabolites from blood in patients suffering from kidney failure. The first successful artificial kidney was based on cellophane (regenerated cellulose) dialysis membranes and was developed in 1945. Over the past 50 years, many changes have been made. Currently, most artificial kidneys are based on hollow-fiber membranes formed into modules having a membrane area of about 1 m2 the process is illustrated in Figure 1.7. Blood is circulated through the center of the fiber, while isotonic... 

Typical industries where we find cryogenic applications are the natural gas industry, (export, import, peak-shaving facilities), refineries (LPG), air separation (industrial gases - nitrogen, argon, oxygen, helium, etc.), marine (transport of LNG, LPG). 

Table 8.1 Characteristics of the current membrane gas separations industry - 2008.

The long, extended bonnet is provided with a plug stem seal to minimize liquid "refluxing" into the bonnet and packing area, thereby minimizing the heat loss due to conduction and convection. Cold boxes are commonly used in hydrogen and in the air separation industry. Valves used in these applications feature bodies with welded extension necks and standard-length bonnets to allow in-place trim maintenance from outside the cold box. On LH2 service these valves are often provided with vacuum jackets for additional... 

Samarin KM, Gorina FA, Zhitaryova LV (1972) Surveys of separate industrial productions. In series Elementorganic compounds and their application. NIITEKhim Moscow, edn 18, pp 23-41 [in Russian]... 

Paralleling this interest in V. vinifera table wine, a separate industry and market has developed devoted to fruit and berry wines. Sweet loganberry, blackberry, and currant wines have been available from the Northwest for many years. Recent interest has developed for fruit wines such as rhubarb, cherry, and apricot. These newer fruit and berry wines are offered both as aperitif and dry table wines. 

In the crossflow configuration widely used in the membrane separation industry today, the direction of the feed flow is perpendicular to that of the permeate flow. To increase the driving force for the permeate, a carrier stream to "sweep away the permeate is often used. In most of the membrane configurations such as tubes and multichannel monoliths described in Chapter 5, the carrier stream and the feed stream are generally co urrent or counter-current in direction. 

The progress made in the last years in membrane science and technology has a positive fall out, not only in separation industrial processes but also in biotechnology and medical applications. 

R. Reidy, Profde of the International Filtration and Separation Industry, Elsevier, Oxford, 1993. 

One more separation technique that deserves some discussion is the scrubber. Scrubbers are the most mature technology from the chemical separation industry that usually employs liquid-gas interaction to achieve the contaminant removal. While they can be very selective due to the liquid-stripping agent, they are complicated systems that use specialty chemicals and require multiple steps to transfer the contaminant from gas phase to liquid, then from liquid back to gas phase, which is ultimately vented. For very large, stationary installations, scrubbers are usually the technology of choice because of their performance they can routinely achieve 99.99% removal efficiency, durability, and robustness. However, scale-down is not... 

Liu, Y. Chung, T.S. Wang, R. Liu, D.F. Chng, M.L. Chemical cross-linking modification of polyimide/poly(ethersulfone) dual layer hollow fiber membranes for gas separation. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research 2003, 42 (6), 1190-1195. 

Baker, R. Future directions of membrane gas separation. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research 2002, 41, 1393... 

Condensed Phosphates by Column Separation, Industrial Method No.317-741. Bran and Luebbe, Technicon Industrial Systems, Elmsford, NY. 

Barnicki, S.D., Fair, J.R. Separation system synthesis A knowledge-based approach. 1. liquid mixture separations. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research 29, 421-432 (1990)... 

This is the reaction by which the HCI used in the arts is produced, either as a separate industry or as an iucidental product in Leblanc s process for obtaining sodium carbonate (q. v.). 

CENTRIFUGAL DECANTERS. Immiscible liquids are separated industrially in centrifugal decanters as described in Chap. 2. The separating force is much larger than that of gravity, and it acts in the direction away from the axis... 

Wet chemical, or hydrometallurgical processes for battery recycling differ fundamentally from pyrometallurgical approaches in that they aim to produce finished products with a high resale value rather than lower value material, which is further refined or used in a separate industry. This quest for greater added value is often borne out of necessity, to cover the high capital investment and operating costs. 

Air Liquide, in collaboration with Physical Sciences Inc., developed a TDL instrument for temperature and species concentration measurements in heavy industrial applications. This work, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE), was performed befween 2000 and 2006, and involved (1) fhe development of a protofype insfrument, (2) validation tests in a small-scale Air Liquide furnace, and (3) field fesfs in three separate industrial facilities. The three industrial facilities were (1) a steel reheat furnace, (2) a reverberatory aluminum recycling furnace, and (3) an EAF. Documentation on this project is provided in a publicly available final report (Von Drasek et al. 2006). 

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