Common separation sequences industries

Chapter 7 foUows this latter approach of treating individual separation processes under each of the three broad categories of separation processes when the bulk flow of feed-containing phase is perpendicular to the direction of the force. Chapter 8 foUows the same approach when the buik flows of two phases/regions in the separator are perpendicular to the direction(s) of the force(s). Chapter 9 briefly elaborates on cascades, which were already introduced in the countercurrent multistaged flow systems of Chapter 8. Chapter 10 introduces the energy required for a number of separation processes. Chapter 11 illustrates a few common separation sequences in a number of common industries involved in bioseparations, water treatment, chemical and petrochemical separations and hydro-metaUurgy. Conversion factors between various systems of units are provided in an Appendix. 

All of the above processes are operated as batch fermentations, in which a volume of sterile medium in a vessel is inoculated. The broth is fermented for a defined period. The tank is then emptied and the products are separated to obtain the antibiotic. The vessel is then recharged for batch operation with medium and the sequence repeated, as often as required. Continuous fermentation is not common practice in the antibiotics industry. The antibiotic concentration will rarely exceed 20gT 1 and may be as low as 0.5g-l 1. 

Previous chapters have dealt mainly with the design of simple separators that produce two products. However, as discussed in Chapter 1, industrial separation problems generally involve the separation of multicomponent mixtures into more than two products. Although one separator of complex design often can be devised to produce all the desired products, a sequence of simple separators is more commonly used because it is frequently more economical than one complex separator. 

This book will review the geology, mining, processing, uses, industry statistics, phase data and physical properties of these two important industrial minerals. Lithium and calcium chloride are not related, other than having a few common brine sources and uses, and are presented together merely for convenience. Neither material has a sufficiently extensive literature base to justrfy being the subject of a separate book, so the two subjects have been combined in this volume as separate chapters. The manner of presentation will be the same for both minerals. This book will be the last in a sequence of books on saline minerals by the author Natural Soda Ash, Potash, Borates, Sodium Sulfate, and now Lithium/Natural Calcium Chloride. 

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