SEN virus

In the year 2000, Italian scientists discovered a new virus isolated from an HIV-infected drug user. It was provisionally named SEN virus or SENV after the initials of the source patient, who showed elevated transaminases of unknown aetiology (D. Primi et at.). 

Rigas, B., Hasan, L, Rehman, R., Donahue, P., Wittkowskl, KJM., Le-bovics, E. Effect on treatment outcome of coinfection with SEN viruses in patients with hepatitis C. Lancet 2001 358 1961-1962... 

Shibata, M Wang, R.Y.-H., Yoshlba, M., Shih, J.W.-K., Alter, H.J., Mitamura, K. The presence of a newly identified infectious agent (SEN virus) in patients with hver diseases and in blood donors in Japan. J. Infect. Dis. 2001 184 400 - 404... 

Tangkljvanlch, P., Theambooniers, A., Sriponthong, M., Kidlavamjaya, P., Poovorawan, Y. SEN virus infection and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma A case-control study. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 2003 98 2500-2504... 

Yoshlda, H., Kato, N Shiratori, Y Shao, R.X., Wang, Y., Shilna, S Omata, M. Weak association between SEN virus viremia and liver disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2002 40 3140-3145... 

Umemura T, Yeo A, Sottini A, Moratto D, Tanaka Y, Wang R, et al. SEN virus infection and its relationship to transfusion-associated hepatitis. Hepatology 2001 33 1303-11. 

Wong S, Primi D, Kojima H, Sottini A, Giulivi A, Zhang M, et al. Insights into SEN virus prevalence, transmission, and treatment in community-based individuals and patients with liver disease referred to a liver disease unit. Clin Infect Dis 2002 35 789-95. 

CarU KT, Sen A, Batmaz H, Minbay A (1999) Detection of IgG antibody to bovine leukaemia virus in urine and serum by two enzyme immunoassays. Lett Appl Microbiol 28 416-418... 

Sen Gupta S, Kuzelka J, Singh P, Lewis WG, Manchester M, Finn MG. Accelerated bioorthogonal conjugation a practical method for the Ligation of diverse functional molecules to a polyvalent virus scaffold. Bioconjug. Chem. 2005 16 1572-1579. 

Several other viruses have been proposed as causes of liver injury these include hepatitis G yirus (discussed below), transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV), and the closely related SEN-V virus. Although all three are blood borne chronic viral infections and, in the case of TTV and SEN-V, have been known to replicate in the liver, none of these viruses appear to cause acute or chronic liver injuryd " The various hepatitis viruses are outlined in Table 47-2. 

Kocisko et al., 1995 Priola and Chesebro, 1995 Chabry et al, 1998 Cbabry et al, 1999 Horiucbi et al, 1999). That PrP-res can induce PrP-sen to convert to more of tbe abnormal form in a cell-free environment provides compelling evidence that PrP-res can replicate itself in tbe absence of any metabolic activity and demonstrates that a viable virus or bacteria is not needed for tbis process to occur. 

Sen, G.C. Ransohoff, R.M. Interferon-Induced Antiviral Actions and Their Regulation. In Advances in Virus Research , Maramorosch, K. Murphy, F.A. Shatkin, A.J. Eds. Academic Press, San Diego, London, 1993, 42, p 57-102. 

Type I (IFN-a/P) and type II (IFN-y) IFNs are major lines of defense against viral infection. IFNs mediate direct antiviral effector mechanisms that inhibit multiple steps of viral replication (Samuel 1991 Vilcek and Sen 1996). For example, 2, 5 -oligoadenylate synthetase (2, 5 -OAS) activates ribonuclease L, which degrades mRNA and limits the accumulation of viral transcripts. Protein kinase R blocks translation of viral transcripts by phosphorylating translation initiation factor eIF-2. Mx proteins block influenza, vesicular stomatitis virus, and herpes simplex virus replication by an unknown mechanism. 

Chung J, Kim S, Bernhardt R, Pyun J. Application of SPR biosensor for medical diagnostics of human hepatitis b virus (hHBV). Sens Actuators B Chem 2005 lll-112 416-22. 

G. M. Walker, D. J. Ozers, D. J. Beebe, Cell Infection Within a Microfluidic Device Using Virus Gradients. Sens. Actuators B,... 

Salles MJ, Sens YA, Boas LS, Machado CM. Influenza virus vaccination in kidney transplant recipients serum antibody response to different immunosuppressive drugs. Clin Transplant 2010 24(1) E17-23. 

In general, colloidal fines posses a surface charge, of either permanent or nonpermanent (i.e., variable) nature (Sen and Khilar, 2006). Although a small portion of the colloids in soils are microorganisms and viruses, soil colloids are mostly complex assemblages of clay minerals. 

Yamazaki and Wagner (1970) found that pretreatment of primary rabbit kidney cells with highly purified rabbit interferon greatly reduced VSV replication and inhibited synthesis of virus-specific proteins despite this inhibition of viral protein synthesis, interferon did not prevent the switch-off by VSV of cellular protein synthesis. This observation was interpreted, in retrospect erroneously, to be due to an input virion component rather than a newly synthesized viral product. It was originally thought that primary transcription of VSV is inhibited in interferon-treated cells (Marcus et al., 1971 Manders et al., 1972), but it now seems clear that only secondary transcription and not primary transcription is inhibited in interferon-pretreated cells (Repik et al., 1974). There is now quite convincing evidence that the interferon-induced inhibitor of VSV replication functions at the translational level (Sen, 1982). These circumstantial data point to the hypothesis that a VSV transcription product, alone or in association with another factor, is the inhibitor of cellular protein synthesis. 

O. Hayden, R. Bindeus, C. Haderspdck, K.J. Mann, B. Wirl and EL Dicker , Mass-sensitive detection of cells viruses and enzymes with artificial receptors. Sens. Actuators B,91 (1-3) 316-319, 2003. 

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