Pharmacological methods

Pharmacological Methods and Results. The data upon which the following discussion is based were accumulated using three techniques mouse bioassay, displacement of radiolabelled saxitoxin from rabbit brain membranes, and blockage of sodium conductance through rat sarcolemmal sodium channels incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. The results are summarized in Figures 11 and 12. 

Chapter 1 which showed that since muscarine mimicked some of the actions of ACh (but not all) while nicotine mimicked the other actions of ACh, then ACh probably acted on two distinct types of receptors. The fact that atropine antagonised the muscarinic effects of ACh but not the nicotinic effects, while tubocurarine blocked the nicotinic effects provided firm evidence for this concept. These simple qualitative observations by Langley and others at the beginning of the twentieth century led to the development of more quantitative pharmacological methods that were subsequently used to identify and classify receptors. These methods were based on the use of both (1) agonist and (2) antagonist drugs ... 

Treat conditions that cause bothersome maternal symptoms during pregnancy with drug therapy only after non-pharmacologic methods fail. Choose therapy with the longest history of safe use in pregnancy. 

The existence of two distinct functions within the one membrane protein raises a number of interesting questions about transporter functions, such as what is the relative importance of the two functions Can they be allosterically regulated under physiological conditions or manipulated by pharmacological methods What is the structural basis for the dual functions In the next section, we shall attempt to address some of these issues and also to present some of the current understanding of the structural basis for these functional states. 

Van de Water, A., Verheyen, J., Xhonneux, R. and Reneman, R.S. (1989) An improved method to correct the QT interval of the electrocardiogram for changes in heart rate. Journal of Pharmacological Methods, 22, 207-217. 

A SUITABLE SET OF PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS FOR SCREENING NEW COMPOUNDS WITH POTENTIAL ACTION ON CENTRAL DA RECEPTORS 193... 

Several of the most used pharmacological methods in modern DA research have recently been surveyed by Horn [1],... 

Henry Dale first established that there were two different receptors for acetylcholine, the muscarinic and nicotinic, and it is now known that there are hve different classes of muscarinic and an ill-dehned number of nicotinic receptors. Different receptors were originally identihed by pharmacological methods but molecular biological techniques now provide very sensitive and precise means of identify-... 

Regular exercise helps in lowering blood pressure especially in obese patients. A sedentary lifestyle is often implicated in cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension. Other non-pharmacological methods that help reduce blood pressure include decrease in sodium intake, moderation of alcohol consumption, avoiding stress and stopping smoking for smokers. Healthy food... 

WiUiamson EM, Okpako DT, Evans FJ, Pharmacological Methods in Phytotherapy Research Selection, Preparation and Pharmacological Evaluation of Plant Material. Vol. 1, John Wiley Sons, New York, 1996. 

DNLM 1. Psychotropic Drugs—therapeutic use—Practice Guideline. 2. Mental Disorders—drug therapy—Practice Guideline. 3. Psycho-pharmacology—methods—Practice Guideline. 

Parascandola, J. The development of receptor theory in discoveries in pharmacology-. In Pamham, M.J., Bruinvels, J. (eds) Pharmacological Methods, Receptors and Chemotherapy. Elsevier. New York. 1986. 

The binding and functional studies mentioned above do not provide any clear evidence for the putative existence of H3-receptor subtypes. Whereas it was probably the last receptor to be characterized through classical pharmacological methods, cloning of the H3-receptor gene is not yet achieved. Only this cloning is expected to provide us a direct conclusion about this important issue. 

Flutamide causes hepatotoxicity in some 0.36% of patients, and for this reason alone it should not be used in the absence of a serious indication. Whether bulimia nervosa in women justifies its use is open to doubt, since non-pharmacological methods of treatment are available. Furthermore, bulimia nervosa in women can be associated with raised serum testosterone concentrations. In a small double-blind study of the use of flutamide, citalo-pram, a combination of the two, or placebo in 31 women over 3 months, all the active treatments reduced the tendency to binge eating (47). However, there was a moderate and reversible increase in serum transaminase activities, leading to withdrawal in two of the 19 subjects who were taking flutamide either alone or in combination. 

Recently, buprenorphine has been advocated as an alternative pharmacological method for treating opioid... 

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