Sea-surface temperature

As a hurricane travels over warm ocean water, it lowers the sea surface temperature by about 3°C m a 100 km swath. When a hurricane is stationaiy, this surface ocean cooling weakens the storm intensity. Hurricanes also rapidly lose strength when they move over cold water or land. 

Myneni, R. B., Los, S. O. and Tucker, C. J. (1996). Satellite-based identification of linked vegetation index and sea surface temperature anomaly areas from 1982-1990 for Africa, Australia and South America, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 729-732. 

Shea, D. J., Trenberth, K. E. and Reynolds, R. W. (1990). A global monthly sea surface temperature climatology, NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-345+STR, 167 pp, Natl. Cent, for Atmos. Res., Boulder, CO. 

Fig. 17-3 (a) A simplified picture of the coupling of biogeochemistry and global radiative balance in marine systems. SST = Sea surface temperature. 

In modem sediments particular assemblages of species are characteristic of particular environmental conditions. Therefore it is possible to use species assemblages in ancient sediments to infer past sea-surface temperatures and other variables, and these techniques provide a wealth... 

Recent revisions to the boundary conditions (ice-sheet topography and sea surface temperatures) have added uncertainty to many of the GCM calculations of the past two decades. Moreover, all of these calculations use prescriptions for at least one central component of the climate system, generally oceanic heat transport and/or sea surface temperatures. This limits the predictive benefit of the models. Nonetheless, these models are the only appropriate way to integrate physical models of diverse aspects of the Earth systems into a unified climate prediction tool. 

Matthew RK (1968) Carbonate diagenesis Equihbration of sedimentary mineralogy to the subaerial environement coral cap of Barbados, West Indies. J Sed Petrol 38 1110-1119 McCulloch MT, Esat T (2000) The coral record of last interglacial sea levels and sea surface temperatures. ChemGeol 169 107-129... 

Figure 8. Sea surface temperature (SST), Land area temperature (LAT), and Combined global mean temperature (MEAN) (NOAA-NCDC, 2001)...

The future steady-state global temperature was estimated by assuming that continued warming follows the same pattern as during the last century. This means that the previous LAT/SST increase ratio of 2.4 was assumed constant. Therefore, the land area temperature increase was assumed a factor 2.4 greater than the sea surface temperature increase. Today s consumption of non-renewable energy was also assumed unchanged. 

Thus, the global thermal pollution will at steady state have increased the sea surface temperature by 1.9 °C, the land area temperature by 3.9 °C and the global mean temperature by 2.5 °C. Since part of this heating has already begun, further temperature increases of 1.4 °C (Ocean), 2.7 °C (Land), and 1.8 °C (Mean) should be expected (Figure 11). 

Meza FJ, Wilks DS (2004) Use of seasonal forecasts of sea surface temperature anomalies for potato fertilization management. Theoretical study considering EPIC model results at Valdivia. Chile Agr Syst 82 161-180... 

Furthermore, in Chapter 1 the model is used to examine the relative importance of sea surface temperature, wind speed and pollutant concentration on the volatilisation of DDT. The main questions of this section are ... 

What is the spatial distribution of the relative significance of sea surface temperature, wind speed, and pollutant concentration for the variability of the volatilisation of DDT Are there temporal and spatial regimes in which one of the parameters is more important than the others ... 

In the following chapter model refinements are described and compared with the setup used by Gughelmo (2008). The focus is given on the represention of marine organic matter. In a sensitivity study the impact of organic matter on long-range transport is explored. Additionally, a study is included that clarifies the relative importance of sea surface temperature, wind speed, and pollutant concentration for volatilisation of DDT from the ocean. 

As the volatilisation flux strongly depends on the absolute contaminant mass, the volatilisation mass flux divided by the total amount of DDT in the first level of the ocean model is examined instead. This parameter is called volatilisation rate. It reflects the proportion of the mass abundant in the oceanic surface layer that was volatilised within one model time step. It depends upon how much of the DDT is dissolved in water and upon wind speed and sea surface temperature. The volatilisation on the other hand would mainly mirror the deposition and emission pattern, because those are supersposed onto the volatilisation defining patterns and dominating because of the stationary application in the scenario. 

The correlation coefficients between a 10 year monthly mean time series of volatilisation rates and SST, 1 Om wind speed and pollutant concentration are used to elucidate which of the parameters drives the volatilisation rate changes and causes the deviations from the long term mean. All of the parameters do not vary independently. Since both SST and wind speed influence the volatilisation rate in a nonlinear manner, it is not intuitive whether an increase in wind speed leads to an increase in volatilisation rate. A raise in wind speed that coincides with a decrease of the sea surface temperature can lead to a negative linear correlation coefficient between volatilisation rate and wind speed. For that reason the partial correlation coefficient is calculated in addition to the simple linear correlation coefficients. It explains the relation between a dependent and one or more independent parameters with reduced danger of spurious correlations due to the elimination of the influence of a third or fourth parameter, by holding it fixed. One important feature of the partial correlation coefficient is, that it is equal to the linear correlation coefficient if both variables... 

The RGB composite of the coefficients of determination of the individual linear correlation coefficients (Figure 2.26) shows that for the northern hemisphere high correlations of volatilisation rate and wind speed in the Atlantic Ocean can be found in the Gulf Stream and low values in the Labrador Sea and the adjacent Davis Strait. High correlations with the sea surface temperature are located near 45 °N close to the eastern coast of the American continent, in the Baltic Sea, North Sea and in... 

Partial correlation coefficients are denoted by R12.34, linear correlations by R12 substituting 1,2,3,4 with sea surface temperature (t), 10m wind speed (u), volatilisation rate (v) and pollutant concentration (c). Indices after the dot refer to variables held fixed in the calculation. 

Basing models on zonal mean wind speed and sea surface temperature is averaging over regions where very different regimes of interaction of wind speed, SST and volatilisation rate prevail. In a long-term mean this leads to an underestimation of the volatilisation rate and its variabilty. 

Since driving force of variations of the volatilisation rate is influenced by the predominant mean sea surface temperature changes of it will influence the evolution of the volatilisation rate and, hence, the distribution of the substance. The influence of the wind speed is expected to increase in a warming climate with higher sea surface temperatures, as it was shown that for high sea surface temperatures the variance is dominated by wind speed changes. 

In Chapter 2.5 volatilisation of DDT from the ocean surface was shown to be disaggregated in regimes of wind speed and sea surface temperature control. This novel... 

All these phenomena, we believe, are related to periodic changes in sea surface temperature caused by... 

Thus in our study of isotope variations in lengthy chronological sequences of tree rings, we are evaluating fluctuations in the sea surface temperatures, from which distilled the precipitation which nourished the trees and the sea surface temperatures, in turn, are affected by variations in the ultraviolet spectrum of the sun. 

Sea cores offer a data base which should in principle allow deduction of the history of the local sea surface temperature immediately above the deposition site of the core, for there is enough organic material in sea cores to provide the necessary samples for isotope measurement at frequent intervals versus depth in the core, but the time resolution is far less accurate than in varves and tree rings because burrowing sea bottom animals smear the record of the layers. 

The conclusions of Hurt s study of year-by-year oxygen isotope ratios in 72 years of S. gigantea are thus supportive of the conclusions of the CIAP study [49] that solar variations influence the abundances of many kinds of chemical species in the stratosphere, and therefore influence the.amount of solar energy they absorb and re-radiate to earth, and therefore influence the surface temperature of the earth and especially the surface temperatures of the oceans. It is the surface temperature of the oceans which produces the phenomena we have discussed the isotope ratio variations in rain and hence in tree rings, the isotope ratio variations in the Greenland ice cap, in the organic carbon and uranium concentrations in sea cores, and furthermore variations of the sea surface temperature produces variations in the carbon-14 to carbon-12 ratio fractionation at the sea air interface and hence in the carbon-14 content of atmospheric carbon dioxide and hence in the carbon-14 content of tree rings. 

Global climate change is having an impact on sea surface temperatures and salinities. Recent research has identified a systematic decline in mixed layer salinities at high latitudes (-0.03 to -0.2%o) and an increase at low latitudes (h-0.1 to -t0.4%o) between the... 

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