Sea surface

Now days the devices operating in the radiowave range are designed and they used for oil film thickness measurements and for the oil spills volume evaluation. The device operating on the frequencies from 37,5 to 10,7 begHz provides the measurements of the film thickness in the range from 100 to 6 — 7 pm. It means that all accident happening on the seas surface may be estimated. 

One of the radio detection advantages is the use of decametric waves range which provide the detection and sea surface watch even via clouds, and it really does not matter from what object the detection is carried out. from the airplane, from the satellite, from the land (or vessel). 

As a hurricane travels over warm ocean water, it lowers the sea surface temperature by about 3°C m a 100 km swath. When a hurricane is stationaiy, this surface ocean cooling weakens the storm intensity. Hurricanes also rapidly lose strength when they move over cold water or land. 

In coastal areas, temperature differences between the land and the water produce air pressure variations, creating sea and lake breezes that are superimposed on the normal winds. These winds vai"y diurnally and as a function of cloudiness. During the daytime, winds blow from the cool sea toward the warm land, while at night the land becomes cooler than the sea surface, and the winds blow from land to sea. 

Oil Slicks and Floating Tar. About 100,000 visual observations of the sea surface made between 1974 and 1978 (9, 10) demonstrated that oil slicks were closely associated with the tanker routes from the Middle East through the Suez Canal and around the Cape of Good Hope to Europe, from the Middle East to Japan, and to a lesser extent, along the transatlantic and transpacific shipping lanes. Outside these areas, slicks... 

The value of E is insensitive to small changes in ocean temperature but is quite sensitive to wind speed over the sea surface (boundary layer thickness, wave action, and bubble formation are functions of wind speed). Therefore changes in surface wind speed accompanying a climate change could affect rates of air-sea CO2 exchange. 

Numerous atmospheric species react with the Earth s surface, mostly in ways that are not yet chemically described. The dissolution and reaction of SO2 with the sea surface, with the aqueous phase inside of living organisms or with basic soils is one example. Removal of this sort from the atmosphere usually is called dry removal to distinguish it from removal by rain or snow. In this case, the removal flux is often empirically described by a deposition velocity,... 

Because seawater signatures of temperature and salinity are acquired by processes occurring at the air-sea interface we can also state that the density characteristics of a parcel of seawater are determined when it is at the sea surface. This density signature is locked into the water when it sinks. The density will be modified by mixing with other parcels of water but if the density signatures of all the end member water masses are known, this mixing can be unraveled and the proportions of the different source waters to a given parcel can be determined. 

To a first approximation the vertical density distribution of the ocean can be described as a three-layered structure. The surface layer is the region from the sea surface to the depth having a... 

Myneni, R. B., Los, S. O. and Tucker, C. J. (1996). Satellite-based identification of linked vegetation index and sea surface temperature anomaly areas from 1982-1990 for Africa, Australia and South America, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 729-732. 

Shea, D. J., Trenberth, K. E. and Reynolds, R. W. (1990). A global monthly sea surface temperature climatology, NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-345+STR, 167 pp, Natl. Cent, for Atmos. Res., Boulder, CO. 

Hardy, J. T., Apts, C. W., Crecelius, E. A. and Fell-ingham, G. W. (1985). The sea-surface microlayer fate and residence times of atmospheric metals. Limnol. Oceanog. 30, 93-101. 

Fig. 17-3 (a) A simplified picture of the coupling of biogeochemistry and global radiative balance in marine systems. SST = Sea surface temperature. 

In modem sediments particular assemblages of species are characteristic of particular environmental conditions. Therefore it is possible to use species assemblages in ancient sediments to infer past sea-surface temperatures and other variables, and these techniques provide a wealth... 

Recent revisions to the boundary conditions (ice-sheet topography and sea surface temperatures) have added uncertainty to many of the GCM calculations of the past two decades. Moreover, all of these calculations use prescriptions for at least one central component of the climate system, generally oceanic heat transport and/or sea surface temperatures. This limits the predictive benefit of the models. Nonetheless, these models are the only appropriate way to integrate physical models of diverse aspects of the Earth systems into a unified climate prediction tool. 

Each oil-dispersant combination shows a unique threshold or onset of dispersion [589]. A statistic analysis showed that the principal factors involved are the oil composition, dispersant formulation, sea surface turbulence, and dispersant quantity [588]. The composition of the oil is very important. The effectiveness of the dispersant formulation correlates strongly with the amount of the saturate components in the oil. The other components of the oil (i.e., asphaltenes, resins, or polar substances and aromatic fractions) show a negative correlation with the dispersant effectiveness. The viscosity of the oil is determined by the composition of the oil. Therefore viscosity and composition are responsible for the effectiveness of a dispersant. The dispersant composition is significant and interacts with the oil composition. Sea turbulence strongly affects dispersant effectiveness. The effectiveness rises with increasing turbulence to a maximal value. The effectiveness for commercial dispersants is a Gaussian distribution around a certain salinity value. 

Matthew RK (1968) Carbonate diagenesis Equihbration of sedimentary mineralogy to the subaerial environement coral cap of Barbados, West Indies. J Sed Petrol 38 1110-1119 McCulloch MT, Esat T (2000) The coral record of last interglacial sea levels and sea surface temperatures. ChemGeol 169 107-129... 

Heussner S, Cherry RD, Heyraud M (1990) Po-210 and Pb-210 in sediment trap particles on a Mediterranean continental margin. Cont. Shelf Res 10 989-100 Heyraud M, Cherry RD (1983) Correlation of Po-210 and Pb-210 enrichments in the sea-surface microlayer with neuston biomass. Cont Shelf Res 1 283-293 Honeyman BD, Santschi PH (1989)The role of particles and colloids in the transport of radionuclides and trace metals in the oceans. In Environmental particles. Buffle J, van Leewen HP (eds) Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, p 379-423... 

Figure 8. Sea surface temperature (SST), Land area temperature (LAT), and Combined global mean temperature (MEAN) (NOAA-NCDC, 2001)...

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