Versus depth

Fig. 3. The dependence of contact force versus depth of indentation.

Both the Monte Carlo and the molecular dynamics methods (see Section III-2B) have been used to obtain theoretical density-versus-depth profiles for a hypothetical liquid-vapor interface. Rice and co-workers (see Refs. 72 and 121) have found that density along the normal to the surface tends to be a... 

Dose/lattice substitutionality of implanted species Crystal damage versus depth (Si, SiGej,., Alj(Gai j, and Hgj.Cdi j(.Te)... 

Because the geologic column of sedimentary rock is usually filled with saline water, the pore pressure and pore pressure gradient can be obtained for nearly the entire column. Figure 2-57 shows a typical pore pressure gradient versus depth plot for a Gulf Coast region well. 

Figure 2-58 shows the variation of Pois.son s ratio versus depth for two general locations, the West Texas region and the Gulf Coast region. 

The constant value of 0.25 for Poisson s ratio versus depth reflects the geology and the rock mechanics of the mature sedimentary basin in the West Texas region. Since mature basins are well cemented, the rock columns of West Texas will act as compressible, brittle, elastic materials. 

Figure 2-59 gives typical total overburden stress gradients versus depths for several regions in North America [36]. 

The rock fracture pressure gradient at depth can be approximated by using Equation 2-174 and the variable Poisson s ratios versus depth data (Figure 2-58) and the variable total overburden stress gradients versus depth data (Figure 2-59). 

In general. Equation 2-174 can be used to approximate fracture pressure gradients. To obtain an adequate approximation for fracture pressure gradients, the pore pressure gradient must be determined from well log data. ALso, the overburden stress gradient and Poisson s ratio versus depth must be known for the region. 

Downhole Recording. When the logging measurements are battery powered the logging parameters can be recorded versus time while tripping the drill string. If the depth is simultaneously recorded versus time, the data can be plotted versus depth. Common memory capabilities are of the order of 2 to 10 megabytes. The recording rate is adjusted to obtain about two data sets per foot. 

Compute the drilling formation strength (FORS) and plot versus depth. 

Figure 4-323. Formation strength versus depth (a) grid (b) plot of calculated values.

Figure 4-325a shows a plot of overburden pressure gradient versus depth for typical soft (1) and hard (2) provinces. Figure 4-325b gives similar data for Poisson s ratio. 

Figure 4-326. Schematic of pressure versus depth for a thick gas formatiot and for a channel communication behind casing.

The microsol scale technique is used to weigh a shale sample out of and in water, thus giving weight and volume. The results are plotted versus depth. Low shale densities (high porosity filled with water) indicate overpressured zone. A demonstration example is shown in Figure 4-336. 

Plot the d values versus depth on the graph as in Figure 4-339. Mark the slow shale points with a dot ( ) and the fast sand points with a cross (x). 

Plot the penetration rate, d-exponent, and d-exponent corrected versus depth. 

Figure 4-341. Plot of the resistivity of shales versus depth in a Gulf Coast land well (Louisiana).

A shale resistivity plot versus depth is shown in Figure 4-342 has been prepared with electric log data for a well drilled in south Louisiana. 

Fig. 10-10 Tritium section of the western Atlantic from 80 N to the equator versus depth (m). Vertical exaggeration is 2000 1. Horizontal scale is proportional to cruise track. (Reproduced with permission from H. G. Ostland and R. A. Fine (1979). Oceanic distribution and transport of tritium. In Behaviour of Tritium in the Environment" (Proceedings of a Symposium, San Francisco, 16-20 October 1978, IAEA-SM-232/67, pp. 303-314. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.)...

Figure 7. Excess activity versus depth (left) and X-radiograph (right) in a sediment core collected from the New York Bight, showing the importance of mixing by benthic fauna in the upper part of the seabed. Abundant individnals of the small bivalve Nucula proximo may be seen in the X-radiograph near the sediment-water interface, and the light-colored areas represent bnrrows of Nephtys sp. and Ceriantheopsis sp. Reprinted from Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science (formerly Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science) Vol. 9, Cochran and Aller, pp. 739-747, 1979, with permission from Elsevier Science.

After quenching to ambient temperature the laterally averaged volume fraction versus depth profile was measured by TOF-ERDA, and Figure 4.29 shows a series of dPS profiles for increasing annealing times. After 10 min annealing at 180°C,... 

Figure 4.29. Volume fraction versus depth profiles of dPS normal to the film surface after various times of annealing at 180°C. (Bruder and Brenn 1992.)...

ERDA (HFS) only requires the addition of a thin foil (of carbon, mylar or aluminium) to separate forward scattered hydrogen from forward scattered primary He++ ions. The analytical information obtained consists of hydrogen concentration versus depth. The sample is tilted so that the He++ beam strikes at a grazing angle, giving a HFS depth profile resolution of about 50 nm. The surface hydrogen content... 

NRA is a powerful method of obtaining concentration versus depth profiles of labelled polymer chains in films up to several microns thick with a spatial resolution of down to a few nanometres. This involves the detection of gamma rays produced by irradiation by energetic ions to induce a resonant nuclear reaction at various depths in the sample. In order to avoid permanent radioactivity in the specimen, the energy of the projectile is maintained at a relatively low value. Due to the large coulomb barrier around heavy nuclei, only light nuclei may be easily identified (atomic mass < 30). 

Fig. 1. SOM 813C versus depth curves for the soil profiles with different elevations at the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve.

Ion beam profiling techniques have been used to determine the total content and concentration versus depth of hydrogen in a-Si H (Lanford et al., 1976 Brodsky et al., 1977b Ziegler et al., 1978 Milleville et al., 1979). An a-Si H sample is bombarded with 15N ions, which can undergo a resonant reaction. 

Figure 7.8. The net carrier concentration versus depth for the devices measured by C-V (DLTS measurements).The levels are designated for AP = autoplated (electroless deposition) EP = electroplated (electrodeposition) and PVD = physical vapor deposition. [Reproduced with permission from Ref. 95. Copyright 2001 Elsevier.]...

We find the same periodicities in uranium and organic carbon concentrations versus depth in a sea core from the Santa Barbara Channel, and in carbon-14 variations in a sequence of Bristlecone pine from southern California. 

Sea cores offer a data base which should in principle allow deduction of the history of the local sea surface temperature immediately above the deposition site of the core, for there is enough organic material in sea cores to provide the necessary samples for isotope measurement at frequent intervals versus depth in the core, but the time resolution is far less accurate than in varves and tree rings because burrowing sea bottom animals smear the record of the layers. 

We conclude from the correlations of these four sets of data that the calculation of Dansgaard et al., [41] of the age of ice versus depth in the Greenland ice cap seems to be correct with an error of not more than a couple of years, at least over the last 800 years. We conclude that the climate variations in Greenland, southern Japan, and southern California have had the same periodicities for the last 800 years or more. 

The age determination allowed Fourier transforms to be made, transforming concentration versus depth into signal power and amplitude versus the period expressed in years. The periods found are listed in Table 1. The sea core spans 700 years, with each sample containing seven years of sediment, so that evidence for periods between 40 years and 200 years should be meaningful [48]. 

Fig. 6.2. Profile of dissolved oxygen versus depth at geosecs site 226 (Drever, 1988, p. 267). Arrow marks oxygen content predicted by the model, assuming equilibrium with oxygen in the atmosphere.

Fig. 1. Arsenic concentration in ppb versus depth in m for all wells in Gotra area, 2004 sampling event.

Fig. 2. Solid-phase arsenic in ppm versus depth in m from a continuous core. The core consists of clayey silt to depth of 28 m, and fine sand thereafter with a silt horizon at 34 m depth. As was measured by digestion with an HCI-HNO3-H2O aqua regia solution followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy analysis.

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