Scientific and technical understanding

Biotechnology, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder—a last hope for a patient with Alzheimer s disease an anathema to an environmentalist. Seeking a broad consensus, we define biotechnology as an integrated application of scientific and technical understanding of a biologic process or molecule to develop a useful product. Biologic... 

Precautionary approach modifying martufacture, marketing or use of products or services or the conduct of activities consistent with scientific and technical understanding, to prevent serious or irreversible environmental degradation. 

Continued the second phase of research for 45 continuing R D projects awarded in FY 1999 to improve the scientific and technical understanding of new reactor and fuel cycle concepts and nuclear waste technologies, and the underlying fundamental... 

In the European program COST (European CO-operation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research) 8.41 Biological and Biochemical Diversity of Hydrogen Metabolism the main objective is to pool interrelated European expertise in order to understand the structural and molecular basis of the functions, as well as the factors that influence the activity and stability of hydrogenase enzymes. 

Step 3. Read about the radiochemistry of iodine to improve your understanding of the radioanalytical chemistry of iodine. An old but helpful monograph is Radio chemistry of Iodine, NAS-NS-3062, by Milton Kahn and Jacob Kleinberg, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, US DOE, 103 pp (1977). A copy may be obtained from the instructor, the library, or internet search. Also read about ion-exchange theory and practice, and in particular, the relative affinity of anions for strong-base ion-exchange material. 

A general scheme for the development of corrosion models based on electrochemical principles has been described, and a number of examples for active, passive, and localized corrosion has been given. This chapter is by no means comprehensive, and a search of the scientific and technical literature will unearth many additional examples. The value in using electrochemical methods both to develop understanding of the corrosion process and to measure the values of specific modeling parameters is obvious. However, their application alone would not provide all the elements and parameter values required for the development of corrosion models, so the use of supplementary techniques is necessary. It is necessary also to keep in mind that electrochemical techniques inevitably accelerate the corrosion process one is interested in. Consequently, the scaling of electrochemi-cally determined parameter values to the rates and time periods of interest in the corrosion process to be modeled should be undertaken carefully and with a full knowledge of the limitations involved. 

Most research effort, therefore, concentrated on those polymers where it is possible to control morphology, to obtain chemically pure materials and to manipulate them to provide forms, e.g. chain oriented samples and thin films, suitable for basic research and applications. The development of synthetic routes that provide clean, reproducible samples has been critical in the progress achieved in understanding the physics of conjugated polymers. This in turn underpinned the rapid development of technological applications, which appeared on a much shorter timescale than for other, comparable technologies. The level of scientific and technical interest in polymers, such as PAc, PAni, PPy, PThs, PPVs and polyfluorenes, has resulted in the commercial production of them and their precursors. 

The topic of the chemical and physical lifetime limits of macromolecular materials Is receiving Increased attention throughout that part of the scientific and technical community Interested In the effective utilization of materials. This paper outlines some of the trends and scientific challenges In materials utilization that relate to the durability of materials and points out the role of basic materials science In contributing to an effective understanding of materials durability and lifetime prediction. In addition, several topics related to materials research policy are addressed. 

One of the possible reasons for that is our insufficient understanding of light alkane chemistry and, consequently, our limited capability to develop efficient technologies. First of all, petrochemistry dominates not only in industry, but also in prevailing scientific and technical approaches. However, if we analyze the production of the same final products (for instance, liquid motor fuels) from... 

The funding crisis of the mid-1960s was not limited to computational chemistry. Rather, the entire spectrum of chemical disciplines found itself without a major source of funding. Thus, to better understand the problems computational chemistry faced, it will be helpful to place them in the context of the funding problems of chemistry as a whole. In 1965 the National Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel listed 63,053 professionals in chemistry, 27,135 in biological sciences, and 26,698 in physics. In the same year, the American Chemical Society showed a membership of approximately... 

COST is a European cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research. COST Action B3 was devoted to the development of new radiotracers for nuclear medicine application and methods of quality assurance. The main objectives of the cooperation were defined in a preparatory meeting in Vienna on 12 October 1990. Fifteen participants from six member states worked out a draft of the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), receiving expert advice from the Austrian Ministry of Science and Research. 

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