Science models

Schauble, E., Klopfer, E. E., Raghavan, K. (1991). Students transition from an engineering model to a science model of experimentation. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 28(9), 859-882. 

This example illustrates how the parameters of interest are derived from kinetic measurements. Of course, one should have ensured that the data are free from diffusion limitations and represent the intrinsic reaction kinetics. The data, reported by Borgna, that we used here satisfy these requirements, as the catalyst was actually a nonporous surface science model applied to a batch reactor. 

Coulier, L. Kishan, G. van Veen, J. A. R., and Niemantsverdriet, J. W., Surface science models for CoMo hydrodesulfurization catalysts Influence of the support on hydrodesulfurization activity. Journal of Vacuum Science Technology A Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 2001. 19(4) pp. 1510-1515. 

Goodman, D. W. Correlations between surface science models and Real-World catalysts. Journal of Physical Chemistry 100, 13090 (1996). 

As we have seen before, COSMO-RS is able to describe the chemical potentials of compounds in almost any pure or mixed liquid phase, as long as the chemical composition of the liquid is known and as long as it can be considered as a chemically homogeneous phase. While this has opened an enormously broad range of applications in chemical engineering, these limitations exclude COSMO-RS from a number of important application areas in environmental simulations, life-science modeling, and product development. 

Goodman, D.W. (1996) Correlations between surface science models and real-world catalysts./. Phys. Chem., 100, 13 090. 

Blood and plasma samples are taken on Combusto Cones (e.g. PerkinElmer Life Sciences), weighed, dried at room temperature, combusted in a sample Oxidizer (e.g. PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Model Oximate 80/307, Frankfurt am Main, Germany) and the 14 CO2 formed is absorbed with Carbo-Sorb (e.g. PerkinElmer Life Sciences), The subsequent radioactivity measurements are carried out after addition of scintillator to the samples. 

Cerius Version 4.8 (2002) Life science modeling and simulation software. Accelrys, San Diego, USA... 

DEVELOPED BY R. DENNIS. ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES MODELING DIVISION ARL, NOAA, and NERL USEPA... 

Bay, Chesapeake Bay, Pamlico Sound, Tampa Bay, Mobile Bay, and Lake Ponchartrain. Note that because of their much larger sizes than watersheds, airsheds overlap for these systems. The airsheds also extend over the coastal ocean, indicating that NOx emissions in any of the watersheds have the potential to enrich coastal waters with new N. Developed by R. Dennis, Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Division, NOAA/ARL and NERL USEPA. 

Beckler, R. K. and M. G. White, Polynuclear Metal Complexes as Model Mixed Oxide Catalysts Selective Chemisorption of NH3 and NO , J. Catal, 109, pp. 25-36 (1988) Beckler, R. K. and M. G. White, Polynuclear Metal Complexes as Model Mixed Oxide Catalysts Isomerization Activity , J. Catal, 110, pp. 364-374 (1988). Coulier, L., V. G. Kishan, J. A. R. van Veen, and J W. Niemantsverdriet, Surface science models for CoMo Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts the Influence of the support on hydrodesulfurization acidity , J. Vac Scl Technol A. 19, Issue 4, 1 July/August 2001, pp 1510-5. 

The methods described above for the synthesis of wc5o-arylsapphyrins are relatively new. This newness has so far limited the availability, and therefore the study, of aryl-substituted sapphyrin systems. This, however, is something that is likely to change in the near future, especially when one considers the important role that the parent me o-phenyl-substituted porphyrins have played in the development of numerous biological and materials science model systems. ... 

Bullock OR. 1997. Langrangian modeling of mercury air emission, transport, and deposition An analysis of model sensitivity to emissions uncertainty. Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Division Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration, Research Triangle Park, NC. 

In the science model (Fig. 4b) two orthogonal imaging chains using CCD cameras for fiber readout allow full 3D reconstruction of scattered proton particle tracks. By using 500 /on fibers, the instrument has a measured energy resolution of 4.8% (2.1%) for 35 MeV (67.5 MeV) protons, and an angular resolution (lcr) of 4.6° (2.3°) [Miller et al., 2003],... 

Models In teaching of science models are very frequently used. Various costly models are available and some of these may be available and in school laboratory. However the cost of such models should not be any hindrance to the use of models as teaching aid because a science teacher can prepare... 

The heterogenous nature of emulsion polymerization processes, and the stepwise mechanisms involved add complications to the understanding of the kinetics. Despite the investigations conducted in emulsion polymerization over the last few decades, the scientific representation of these complex processes remains incomplete. With recent advances in fundamental chemistry and colloid science, model uncertainties have diminished. 

Reduction" is related to a variety of other issues in the philosophy of science, for example the (dis)unity of science, models for the development of science, and for the change of theories, the analysis of theoretical terms, the purpose of science, and types of scientific realism. Moreover, in one guise or another, reduction is pervasive throughout the history of philosophy. Not only has it played a central role in the history of analytic philosophy and philosophy of science, but also the philosophies of Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault, and Derrida, to name but a few, can be read as reductive programs. 

Models. In teaching of science models are very frequently used. Various costly models are available and some of these may be available and in school laboratory. However the cost of such models should not be any hindrance to the use of models as teaching aid because a science teacher can prepare almost all types of models by making use of ingenuity. It is also possible to take some very costly models on loan or such models can even be hired. Models are very helpful in making the subject clear to the students and they also give the student an idea of the actual shape/size etc. of the article under discussion. 

In the field of applied geological sciences, models frequently assume a primarily prognostic character. For instance, after accomplishing an adequate calibration, an hydraulic model applied... 

Harrison, A. G., Treagust, D. F. (2000b). A typology of school science models. International Journal of Science Education, 22(9), 1011-1026. 

See www.lexpharma.com/discovery/genome500.htm for the Lexicon effort and www.nih.gov/science/models/ mouse/knockout/ for the NIH project. 

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