Science Indicators 1972 United States

Data on historic imports and exports of endrin are sparse. The most recent data that could be located indicate that about 21,000 kg (46,000 pounds) of endrin were imported into the United States in 1972 (IARC 1974). No information on export volumes of endrin was located. Recently, however, the Foundation for Advancements in Science and Education reported that almost 75% of the 750,000 tons of pesticides the United States exported from 1992 to 1994 lacked chemical-specific information (FASE 1996). Many of the exported pesticides were organochlorine pesticides which had been banned for use in the United States. 

The most common use of salt is as part of daily diets. Although it is added directly to food, 75% of the salt consumed in the United States is a result of eating processed foods The National Academy of Sciences has determined that a minimum daily requirement of 500 mg of sodium is safe, which equates to 1,300 mg of salt. The Academy and the federal government recommend that sodium consumption be no more than 2,400 mg per day, which equals 6,100 mg of salt. Most Americans consume levels higher than this, and many health organizations recommend decreasing salt intake. Excess salt can lead to health problems such as elevated blood pressure, although recent research seems to indicate that normal or moderately... 

Despite his own achievements, Furukawa s chapter indicates the need for future research. How did chemists and physicists work together in the 1940s and 1950s to create a new unified discipline of polymer science It would also be useful to look at how the discipline was taught in the period between 1940 and 1965, especially in the United States. To do this, one would need to examine which courses were taught, the launch of new journals and the evolution of textbooks across various editions. As the polymer science in America started in a few key institutions, notably Brooklyn Polytechnic, it would also be valuable to look at the diffusion of the new discipline from these seed institutions, tracing the careers of the early alumni and coworkers such as Charles Overberger. 

In May 2007, the National Academy of Sciences released a study indicating that by 2025 the use of wind turbines could reduce the nation s C02 generation by 4.5%. In the United States, between 2000 and 2006, the quantity of electricity generated by wind farms quadrupled. 

Figure 2 shows the combined annual investments in R D of large pharmaceutical companies in the United States. The slowdown in 1992-1994 is evident. The pharmaceutical industry did not reduce its investment in science, but did temper the rate of increase in 1993 and 1994. Although the inflection in the curve may seem small, comparison with Figure 1 indicates that between 100 and 200 fewer jobs were created for computational chemists as a result. 

The quantitative and qualitative measures employed to compare U.S. chemistry with that in other nations included analysis of journal publications (numbers of papers, citations of papers, most cited papers, most cited authors, most accessed papers), utilizing such sources as Thompson ISI Essential Science Indicators and data provided by the American Chemical Society Publications Division. In addition, the panel asked leading experts from the United States and abroad to identify the best of the best whom they would invite to an international conference in their subfield. The... 

Scientific collaboration across institutional boundaries in the United States is extensive and continues to grow. According to the Science and Engineering (S E) Indicators 2004, the share of articles from multiple U.S. institutions increased from 48 percent in 1988 to 62 percent in 2001. Crosssector collaboration on papers in chemistry also grew significantly from 30 percent in 1988 to 50 percent in 2001. The overall level of collaboration is lower than for other disciplines such as, biomedical research, earth and space sciences, and physics (see Figure 4-1). 

It is possible that we are not yet perfectly adapted to such a high carbohydrate diet. Some students of tooth decay point out that dental caries is rare among primitive Eskimos and the meat eaters of the Great Rift Valley in Africa. Many seem to feel that the human race made a mistake in giving up its primitive, carnivorous diets and that dental ailments are the price we have paid for adoption of carbohydrate foods (49). However this may be, all indications are that carbohydrates are here to stay. Indeed, unless science can provide some alternative that is not yet in sight, the growth of even United States population may be expected eventually to force us by stages up toward the 85% carbohydrate level of the orientals. 

Since material science and catalysis cannot as yet meet the exacting demands in catalytic combustion, elegant systems engineering is being applied to overcome the problems and to develop practical solutions for the time being. Several approaches of this type developed in Japan and the United States and in the European AGATA project are presented briefly. Finally, a survey of recent patents (from 1993) indicates the emerging tendencies in this field. 

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