Carbohydrate level

Soluble carbohydrate levels of seedling Ponderosa pine were altered by a chronic ozone exposure (Tingey and Wilhour, unpublished). The level of soluble carbohydrates was 10% below the control level one month after initiation of the exposure (Fig. 2). At the second and subsequent harvests, there were higher levels of soluble carbohydrates in the tops of exposed plants than in the controls. Starch levels in exposed foliage were elevated above the control after two months of exposure and stayed there for the remainder of the season. 

Figure 2. Effect of chronic ozone exposure on the soluble carbohydrate levels of seedling Ponderosa pine tops. Each mean is based on nine...

Carbohydrates still feature as important components of many non-carbonated beverages, and they are particularly important in the manufacture of dilutable drinks. Historically, the UK Soft Drinks Regulations of 1964 required dilutable drinks to have a minimum level of 22.5% w/v carbohydrates unless they were declared to be low calorie . The regulations assumed a five times dilution factor (1 part dilutable plus 4 parts water) and thus a minimum carbohydrates level of 4.5% w/v in finished drinks. 

Since from physiological studies it was evident that increased carbohydrate levels are able to confer resistance to cold, it is surprising that none of the cloned transcripts can so far be related to carbohydrate metabolism. One explanation for this may be that low temperature activates or modifies enzymes which are involved in metabolism at normal temperatures, and therefore transcripts for these enzymes would not... 

High dietary carbohydrate levels in the rat tend to have much the same effect as low dietary protein, decreasing such activities as aminopyrine A -demelhylase, pentobarbital hydroxy lation, and / -nitrobenzoic acid reduction along with a concomitant decrease in the enzymes of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system. Because rats tend to regulate total caloric intake, this may actually reflect low-protein intake. 

In other soil incubation studies Cheshire et al. (1974, 1979) found that some sugars in straw in labeled plant material decomposed rapidly, but others decomposed relatively slowly, and about 15% of these remained after five years. There was little indication that xylose or cellulose was synthesized by soil microorganisms. However, studies by Cheshire and Anderson (1975) showed that plant residues are essential to maintain the soil carbohydrate levels. Total carbohydrate contents of soils fallowed for 10 years fell by as much as 50%. Because there was no significant change in the compositions of the soil carbohydrate as the result of the fallow, it was concluded that the sugars were equally susceptible to metabolism regardless of the management system. 

The lipid resources of a fish are more stable than are the carbohydrates, which in muscle can be reduced by half within 15 s of intense activity (Love, 1980). Since over the longer term the carbohydrate levels are maintained by gluconeogenesis from lipids and proteins, it might seem that no meaningful information can be obtained from carbohydrate analyses, especially since, in the very act of sampling, the muscle glycogen level will fall to minute... 

The liver is the principal organ for glucose homoeostasis and maintenance of blood glucose and has an important role in the maintenance of plasma carbohydrate levels. Glucose, which is absorbed from the GIT, is transported to the liver where it is stored as glycogen. Approximately 80 g of glycogen is stored in the liver, and approximately 160 g of glucose per day is needed for normal body functions. 

Values are mean+SEM for the number of individual animals shown in parenthesis. Similar small letters indicate no significant differences between means (P 0.05) based on ANOVA and Fisher s PLSD test of individual means. Animals were decapitated on day 0 and injected with either Ringer, 100 pmoles of Bld-HiTH, 1.8 ig a-amanitin or both Bld-HrTH and amanitin on days 1, 2, 3 and 4 followed by determination of cytoheme ab synthesis on day 4 (W, 61). For trehalose synthesis capacity, animals were decapitated on day 0 and treated with either Ringer or 1.8 ig of a-amanitin on days 1, 2, 3 and 4 and the Bld-HrTH response determined on day 5 by injection of 20 pmoles of Bld-HrTH followed by measurement of hemolymph carbohydrate levels 2 hr later. 

Palm Kernel Cake. Palm kernel cake (PKC) protein is of average quality, which, at a level of 19%, is the lowest of the commercial oil cakes. The positive characteristics of PKC are a valuable calcium to phosphorous ratio, a 48% carbohydrate level, a 5% oil content, and a 13% fiber content (54). 

Fortified soy milk rather than dairy milk. I choose fortified soy products because they have higher contents of micronutrients, heart-healthy omega fats, sterols, and a polyphenol class called isoflavones, which also may be beneficial. These features are not present comparatively in dairy milk. Protein and carbohydrate levels are about the same between soy and dairy milks, but adequate content of these macronutrients is supplied by the superfruits you choose. Also, if you are fond of vanilla, as I am, most brands of soy milk include a vanilla-flavored product that goes well with fruits. 

Koziol, M.J. and C.F. Jordon. 1978. Changes in carbohydrate levels in red kidney bean (Phasedus vulgaris L.) exposed to sulfur dioxide.. Exp. Bot. 29 1037-1043. 

It is possible that we are not yet perfectly adapted to such a high carbohydrate diet. Some students of tooth decay point out that dental caries is rare among primitive Eskimos and the meat eaters of the Great Rift Valley in Africa. Many seem to feel that the human race made a mistake in giving up its primitive, carnivorous diets and that dental ailments are the price we have paid for adoption of carbohydrate foods (49). However this may be, all indications are that carbohydrates are here to stay. Indeed, unless science can provide some alternative that is not yet in sight, the growth of even United States population may be expected eventually to force us by stages up toward the 85% carbohydrate level of the orientals. 

Table 12-11. Free-Energy Requirements for Reactions Reducing Carbon Dioxide to the Carbohydrate Level°... 

The type of root system developed by a plant depends not only on soil tilth but also on the level of nutrients present. The root system tends to be more branched and more concentrated in a fertile soil than in a poor one. If a poor soil is fertilized with well-rotted manure, for example, each pocket of manure will be filled with a mass of much-branched roots, whereas the remainder of the soil will have few roots other than the larger primary and secondary ones. Undoubtedly this extreme development of fine roots in manure is a response to chelated minor elements as well as to the major nutrients. If a poor soil is not fertilized with either chemical fertilizers of manure the top—root ratio is likely to be unusually narrow, and the roots may extend to deeper depths (Oswalt et al., 1959). We sometimes say that such roots are long because they are searching for nutrients, but the real explanation is that the carbohydrate level in the root increases as the available nutrient supply decreases. When the nutrients are inadequate for a luxuriant top growth there is a bigger excess of carbohydrates that are transported downward and used for root growth. Inadequate soil moisture in the upper part of the soil profile may also result in a deeper root system. 

TABLE 1. Metabolite and carbohydrate levels in Trifolium leaves. Irridiance was 400 pE-m si Values are nmoles mg phaeophytin for metabolites (10 leaves sampled after transfer) or pmoles hexose equivalents g DW for carbohydrates (4 days after transfer). 

TABLE 2. Metabolite and carbohydrate levels in leaves of different age when wole plant photosynthesis was equally stimulated by high CO2 or by high light. Samples were taken 12 days after transfer to the respective conditions and 6 h after the onset of the light. For units see table 1. 

It is inferred in these studies that the chloroplast is the photosynthetic unit and contains all of the enzymes and cofactors essential for reducing carbon dioxide to the carbohydrate level. Because of the known difficulties in obtaining chloroplast preparations free from contamination by mitochondria and other cytoplasmic particles, it would be well to withhold judgment on this question. 

Due to the chronic disability and severe pain produced by rheumatoid arthritis, afflicted people often fall prey to food faddists and charlatans who offer quick and easy cures. Numerous diets have been devised and promoted as a treatment for rheumatoid and other forms of arthritis based on low carbohydrate levels, high protein levels, low protein levels, acid-ash, alkaline-ash, low fat levels, high levels of B-complex vitamins, high levels of vitamin C, high levels of sulfur, and/or high levels of vitamin A. Claims are even made that a bowl of cherries will help some gouty patients. In the past, sometimes massive doses of vitamin D were prescribed and used, but this treatment is seldom recommended today, because excess vitamin D has been demonstrated to produce severe, and sometimes even fatal, calcification of the kidneys, through disruption of normal calcium and phosphorus metallism. 

Frozen sweetened strawberries contain about 3 times the caloric and carbohydrate levels of the raw fruit and the frozen unsweetened fruit, but the levels of the other nutrients are similar to those of the unsweetened products. 

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