Schroeder effect

Schroeder J and Troe J 1993 Soivent effects in the dynamics of dissociation, recombination and isomerization reactions Activated Barrier Crossing ed G R Fieming and P Hanggi (Singapore Worid Scientific) p 206... 

Otto B, Schroeder J and Tree J 1984 Photolytic cage effect and atom recombination of iodine in compressed gases and liquids experiments and simple models J. Chem. Phys. 81 202... 

Schroeder J, Schwarzer D, Troe J and Voss F 1990 Cluster and barrier effects in the temperature and pressure dependence of the photoisomerization of trans.stilbene J. Chem. Phys. 93 2393-404... 

Meyer A, Schroeder J and Troe J 1999 Photoisomerization of f/ a/rs-stilbene in moderately compressed gases pressure-dependent effective barriers J. Phys. Chem. A 103 10 528-39... 

H. S. Brown, T. L. Nemzek, and C. W. Schroeder, "MWD and Its Effect on Eiber Spinning," paper presented at The 1983 Tiber Producer Conference GreenviUe, S.C., Apr. 13,1983, sponsored by Fiber Worlds BriUiam Publishing Co., Adanta, Ga. 

C. Schroeder, An Improved Bench for Use in Static-Free Areas , Rept No SC-TM-71-0696, GIDEP347.90,00.00-GO-03, Sandia Corp, Albuquerque (1971) 8) J.L. Illinger et al, Effect... 

For any two-mirror system we can use geometric optics to derive equations that describe some important parameters. (For derivations see Schroeder, 2000). The effective system focal length can be determined in terms of the individual focal lengths and mirror separation ... 

The variation of grating efficiency with wavelength shown in Fig. 2c is based on a simple model of diffraction which is valid for a > A. For finer rulings, polarisafion and resonance effects complicate the situation (Palmer 2000). In the simple case, the efficiency drops to 40% of the peak (blaze) value at the following wavelengths (Schroeder 2000). 

Jaganathan, J. and Dugar, S.M., Authentication of straight whiskey by determination of the ratio of furfural to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, JAOC Int., 82, 997, 1999. Wang, R. and Schroeder, S.R., The effect of caramel coloring on the multiple degradation pathways of aspartame, J. Food Sci. 65, 1100, 2000. 

Schroeder SR, Hawk B, Otto DA, et al. 1985. Separating the effects of lead and social factors on IQ. 

Schroeder, H.A., JJ. Balassa, and W.H. Vinton, Jr. 1964. Chromium, lead, cadmium, nickel and titanium in mice effect on mortality, tumors, and tissue levels. Jour. Nutr. 83 239-250. 

Copper is part of several essential enzymes including tyrosinase (melanin production), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (catecholamine production), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (free radical detoxification), and cytochrome oxidase and ceruloplasmin (iron conversion) (Aaseth and Norseth 1986). All terrestrial animals contain copper as a constituent of cytochrome c oxidase, monophenol oxidase, plasma monoamine oxidase, and copper protein complexes (Schroeder et al. 1966). Excess copper causes a variety of toxic effects, including altered permeability of cellular membranes. The primary target for free cupric ions in the cellular membranes are thiol groups that reduce cupric (Cu+2) to cuprous (Cu+1) upon simultaneous oxidation to disulfides in the membrane. Cuprous ions are reoxidized to Cu+2 in the presence of molecular oxygen molecular oxygen is thereby converted to the toxic superoxide radical O2, which induces lipoperoxidation (Aaseth and Norseth 1986). 

Nickel interacts with numerous inorganic and organic compounds (Schroeder etal. 1974 Nielsen 1980a USEPA 1980, 1985 USPHS 1993). Some of these interactions are additive or synergistic in producing adverse effects, and some are antagonistic. 

Schroeder, H.A. and M. Mitchener.1971. Toxic effects of trace elements on the reproduction of mice and rats. Arch. Environ. Health 23 102-106. 

Schroeder, H.A., M. Mitchener, and A.P. Nason. 1974. Life-term effects of nickel in rats survival, tumors, interactions with trace elements and tissue levels. Jour. Nutr. 104 239-243. 

Molybdenum (Mo) is present in all plant, human, and animal tissues, and is considered an essential micronutrient for most life forms (Schroeder et al. 1970 Underwood 1971 Chappell and Peterson 1976 Chappell et al. 1979 Goyer 1986). The first indication of an essential role for molybdenum in animal nutrition came in 1953 when it was discovered that a flavoprotein enzyme, xanthine oxidase, was dependent on molybdenum for its activity (Underwood 1971). It was later determined that molybdenum is essential in the diet of lambs, chicks, and turkey poults (Underwood 1971). Molybdenum compounds are now routinely added to soils, plants, and waters to achieve various enrichment or balance effects (Friberg et al. 1975 Friberg and Lener 1986). 

Schroeder H, Boyet S, Nehlig A. (1989). Effects of caffeine and doxapram perfusion on local cerebral glucose utilization in conscious rats. EurJ Pharmacol. 167(2) 245-54. 

Cardiovascular Effects. Information regarding cardiovascular effects after oral exposure to chloroform is limited to case report studies. On admission to the hospital, the blood pressure was 140/90 mm Hg and pulse was 70 beats per minute (bpm) in a patient who accidentally ingested 2,410 mg/kg chloroform (Schroeder 1965). Electrocardiography showed occasional extra systoles and a slight S-T segment depression. The patient recovered with no persistent cardiovascular change. In another individual, blood pressure was 100/40 mm Hg and pulse was 108 bpm after ingestion of an unknown... 

The data regarding neurological effects in humans after oral exposure to chloroform were obtained from clinical case reports. Deep coma occurred immediately after exposure to 2,410 or 3,755 mg/kg in all cases of intentional or accidental ingestion of chloroform (Piersol et al. 1933 Schroeder 1965 Storms 1973). 

Cardiovascular Effects. Chloroform induces cardiac arrhythmia in patients exposed to chloroform via anesthesia (Smith et al. 1973 Whitaker and Jones 1965). Similarly, heart effects were observed upon electrocardiography of an individual who accidentally ingested chloroform (Schroeder 1965). Hypotension was observed in 12-27% of patients exposed to chloroform via anesthesia (Smith et al. 1973 Whitaker and Jones 1965) and also was observed in a patient who ingested chloroform (Storms 1973). 

Neurological Effects. Neurological effects in hrnnans after acute inhalation exposure to chloroform are well documented because chloroform has been used as an anesthetic for surgery. Inhaled chloroform acts as a depressant on the central nervous system. Chronic inhalation exposure to chloroform resulted in exhaustion, lack of concentration, depression, and irritability in occupationally exposed people (Challen et al. 1958). In a case study, chloroform inhalation for 12 years resulted in psychotic episodes, hallucinations, and convulsions (Heilbmnn et al. 1945). Central nervous system toxicity was observed in humans after oral exposure to chloroform, which suggests that the effects of inhalation and oral exposure are similar. In case reports of patients who intentionally or accidentally ingested several ounces of chloroform, deep coma with abolished reflexes occurred within a few minutes (Piersol et al. 1933 Schroeder 1965 Storms 1973). 

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