Scent bouquets

From the hair-pencils of butterflies in Danainae and Ithomiinae (Papilion-oidea Nymphalidae), a wider variety of pyrrolizines (la-d, and 6a-d) have been identified than from Arctiidae moths. These compounds are biosynthesized from pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are included in host plants fed by the larvae and protect them from the attacks of other herbivores [122]. In addition to novel lactones (7, 8a, and 8b) derived from an acid part of the alkaloids, many volatiles of more than 100 compounds (aromatics, terpenoids, hydrocarbons, and others) constitute scent bouquets of the male butterflies [123]. For example, the hair-pencil of Idea leuconoe (Danainae) which is distributed in South-East Asia contained 16 compounds (6b, 8a, 8b, 9, and others), and a mixture of the major volatiles applied to a butterfly dummy elicited an abdomen-curling acceptance posture in the females as a crude extract of the male hair-pencils did [ 124]. A chiral GC analysis revealed the absolute config-... 

In the insect, the scent bouquet causes a specific stimulation pattern at the sensory neurons, which is then processed in the central nervous system into an unambiguous reaction and eventually leads to a characteristic response by the insect. 

The scents of plante are extracted in the form of oils, or utters, extracts, fragrant waters, et cetera and the skill and taste of the perfumer render them capable of being infinitelyextended and diversified by combination. In this way the great variety of bouquets hare their origin,... 

Powders.—Powders for the hair and skin have almost gone out of use. The basis of them is either powdered orris, or fine dry pearl starch. The perfume of the finest kinds is imparted by stratifying starch with fresh flowers, after the manner of eijfleurage with fat The flowers are subsequently separated by sifting. The simple perfumed powders thus obtained, by judicious admixture, form oompound or bouquet powders. The tediousness and expense of this process prevent its genaml employment. The common mode is to scent by the direct addition of extracts or essential oils, or else to mix in powdered fragrant material with the orris or starch. The following formulas will explain the manufacture cf them. 

Males of neotropical euglossine bees (Apidae), called orchid bees, collect odoriferous substances from flowers of orchids and other plants. The floral scents of these species display relatively simple chemical compositions dominated by one or two major components, mostly terpenoids and aromatic compounds such as cr-pinene, 1,8-cineol, eugenol, -dimethoxybenzene (35), 2,3-epoxygeranyl acetate (36), nerolidol, 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde (37), and benzyl benzoate.113 Since the orchid bees have odor preferences, their collection of fragrances leads to specialized pollination of particular plant species. Male bees absorb the floral volatiles with their tarsal hairs, form species-specific bouquets, and finally accumulate them in their hind tibial pouches. These bouquets have potential roles in courtship displays and marking territories.114 115... 

Lily-of-the-valley is a small perennial native of Europe, that has become naturalized in parts of eastern North America, and is frequently planted for its beautifully scented spike of flowers that are commonly used in wedding bouquets and for perfumes. Other commonly grown ornamental lilies are hyacinths, grape hyacinths, and scillas. 

It is easy to foUow the spreading of strong smelling or colored substances. The scent of a bouquet of lilacs, a peeled orange, or the pungent odor of potent cheese quickly fills a whole room. The spreading of colored low-molecular chemicals such as potassium permanganate in a liquid, or better, in a gel (to hinder convection) happens so fast that it can readily be observed (Experiment 12.2). 

Damascenes have a heavy, narcotically spicy scent, with undertones reminiscent of blackcurrants and prunes. The two enantiomers together amount at most to 0.15% by weight in rose oil, but they contribute decisively to its base note. Interesting is damascene s very low scent threshold of 0.009 ppb. Rose oxide and the rose ketones have subsequently been discovered in a whole range of aromas, for example in the bouquet of several wine varieties. 

Flower scent is extremely variable between plant species, but often monoterpenes are the dominating group of compounds in floral odor bouquet. Flowers of one plant species can emit more than 100 scent compounds. Linalool, (3-ocimene and p-myrcene are monoterpenes that have been most-oft reported from flowers. Proportion of monoterpenes of the total scent is variable depending on the age of flowers and the part of the flower analyzed, but their proportion in many cases exceeds 50% of the total flower emission. The ratio of different compounds in flower scent affects the composition of pollinating insect communities. Wasps, flies, beetles and butterflies have a different odor preference in addition to preferences of visible flower colors. Specialized pollinator species use the combination of visual and olfactometric cues of flowers to detect their specific host species. 

Flavor and aroma of fruit and scent of flowers is represented by a mixture of dozens of volatile components [160, 161]. Most of these volatiles are derived from three chemical groups, namely isoprenoids, phenylpropanoids and aliphatics. Several volatiles in the mixture will have a dominant effect on the overall fruit aroma or flower scent that is independent from their relative levels. Namely, trace levels of a certain component might have a substantial effect on the typical aroma and scent associated with a particular fruit or flower. Due to promiscuity of enzymes associated with volatile compounds metabolism, a relatively large number of volatile components could be altered by modifying a single gene. For instance, overexpression of the ( )-j3-caryophyllene synthase from rice in Arabidopsis results in emission of a bouquet of terpenoid volatiles, including (EyP-caryophyllene, j8-elemene and a-humulene... 

Oil and absolute are used in sophisticated types of perfumes and in soaps, detergents, creams, and lotions maximum use level reported is 0.12% for the oil in perfumes. The oil is valued for its sweet, rich wine or brandy-like, floral, musky scent with a unique bouquet and roundness. While resembling animal-derived musk scents, ambrette seed oil lacks the fecal note sometimes found in the former (csir i) one of the most expensive essential oils. 

A large number of studies have shown that the fragrant bouquets indicate not only the maturity, receptivity and location of the sexual partner but also its quality. Scent variation can even allow olfactory discrimination at the individual scale. It is this property that allows communication of information... 

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