Scale expansion

Scale expansion is used to measure very small concentrations (signals less than 0.1 absorbance units) with a higher degree of confidence. A scale expansion facility of up to 100 times is often provided in commercial spectrometers. However, factors of more than 20 times are not normally useful, since by a scale expansion noise increases, and longer integration times or the mean of several individual measurements must be used. 

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Today, a network of more than 300,000 miles of interstate natural gas pipelines sei"vcs markets across the U.S, Construction of this network began in the 1920s, but large-scale expansion was limited by the technology of the day, the Great Depression and, finally. World War II. 

Direct-reading meters suitable for use with ion-selective electrodes are available from a number of manufacturers they are sometimes referred to as ion activity meters. They are very similar in construction to pH meters, and most can in fact be used as a pH meter, but by virtue of the extended range of measurements for which they must be used (anions as well as cations, and doubly charged as well as singly charged ions), the circuitry is necessarily more complex and scale expansion facilities are included. They are commonly used in the millivolt mode. 

Fig. 2. Scale expansion of f-Butyl region of the n.m.r. spectrum at temperatures indicated...

In view of these results the experiments using styrene were repeated at lower temperatures and the study extended to the more nucleophilic analogs, a-methyl styrene, tetraphenylethylene. No significant shifts of benzyl proton peaks were observed in any of these cases, even with a 500-Hz scale expansion. 

The method for immobilizing EGF-His on SAMs gave rise to the need for fabricated cultureware that could allow large-scale expansion of pure NSCs. We attempted to construct culture modules with surface areas much larger than the laboratory-scale substrates described above. For uniformly anchoring EGF-His over a large area, we utilized a glass plate with amine functionalities on the surface. 

Konagaya S, Kato K, Nakaji-Hirabayashi T, Iwata H (2011) Design of culture substrates for large-scale expansion of neural stem cells. Biomaterials 32 992-1001... 

The microcomputer should incorporate a VDU and have high-density colour graphics capability (up to 1760(x) x 1280(y)). This enables IR-spectra to be displayed on the screen of the VDU with excellent definition so that comparisons, the results of scale expansions and other spectral manipulations can immediately be seen. Parameters such as range, scan time, data point interval, etc., are set and monitored under microprocessor control and stored along with the spectrum. During the scanning of a sample, several thousand data points may be collected and stored in RAM which should be able to accommodate and display at least three spectra simultaneously. There is a wide range of manipulations that can be performed by the analyst on stored spectra, e.g. 

Lead line, 217nm lamp current, 8mA spectral band width, 0.7nm scale expansion 4x (0.25A full scale) furnace gas, 135ml H min 1. The deuterium background corrector was used. 2... 

Figure 1. Portions of the 100 MHz NMR spectrum of partially resolved (5)-methyl alanate in (R)-(-)-TFPE. The upper traces are scale expansions of the O-methyl (left) and C-methyl (right) resonances. Reprinted with permission from J. Am. them. Soc. 1969, 91, 5150-5155. Copyright by the American Chemical Society.

Figure 1. Background (no sample) spectrum at different scale expansions illustrating system wavelength response, absorption attributable to typical amounts of residual water and carbon dioxide, and high signal-to-noise. The spectrum required 12 minutes of data acquisition at 8-cm optical retardation.

Figure 6. Absorbance spectrum of typical coldr-hot cycle, constant volume sampled auto exhaust, at various scale expansions with prominent bands identified...

Figure 3. The 73-91 ppm 90° C-13 NMR region for the dextran B-lSOl Fraction S and the dextran B-1416 spectra. The letters identify Resonance a (from the 3,6-di-O-substituted a-D-glucopyranosyl residue) Resonance b (from the 4,6-di-0-substituted a-D-glucopyranosyl residue) Position c (for the 2,6-di-O-a-D-gluco-pyranosyl residue) and Resonance d (from the 3-0-substiuted a-D-glucopyranosyl residue). A tenfold scale expansion plot of dextran B-1416 is also shown.

A complete new system would have the benefit of system-control and data processing via a personal computer and proprietary software. An in-house system, however, would probably output readings to a chart-recorder. This can give a further opportunity of adjusting the scale-expansion to accommodate... 

In the paragraph from Section 3.1, we will give a detailed derivation of the effective equations. Our technique is motivated by the paper by Rubinstein and Mauii, 1986, where the analysis is based on the hierarchy of timescales and a corresponding two-scale expansion. For k —0, our approach gives the effective... 

In this section, we will obtain the non-dimensional effective or upscaled equations using a two-scale expansion with respect to the transversal Peclet number Note that the transversal P let number is equal to the ratio between the characteristic transversal timescale and longitudinal timescale. Then we use Fredholm s alternative to obtain the effective equations. However, they do not follow immediately. Direct application of Fredholm s alternative gives hyperbolic equations which are not satisfactory for our model. To obtain a better approximation, we use the strategy from Rubinstein and Mauri (1986) and embed the hyperbolic equation to the next order equations. This approach leads to the effective equations containing Taylor s dispersion type terms. Since we are in the presence of chemical reactions, dispersion is not caused only by the important Peclet number, but also by the effects of the chemical reactions, entering through Damkohler number. 

Genetic instability can occur as a rare event after extended culture of mouse and human MSCs in FBS-supplemented medium [56, 57]. To test for potential in vivo tumor formation, MSCs derived from short-term clinical-scale expansions in FBS-or HPL-supplemented media were injected into immunocompromised athymic nude mice subcutaneously. Putative tumor formation was evaluated by histological analyses three months after injection of 2 x 106 and 2 x 104MSCs and compared to controls that were injected 48h prior to euthanasia. A primary cell deposit was visible immediately and 48 h after injection and MSCs could be recovered by conventional microscopic evaluation. However, none of 12 animals tested developed a macroscopic or microscopic detectable tumor over the 90-day observation period [23]. In this situation, genetic testing may be encouraged for prospective data acqui-... 

Schallmoser, K., Bartmann, C., Rohde, E., et al. (2007), Human platelet lysate can replace fetal bovine serum for chnical scale expansion of functional MSC, Transfusion. 2007 Aug 47(8), 1436-1446. 

Despite its approximately 10-fold drop in intensity, emission from 514.5 nm excitation now exhibits a potential dependence with a 4>ro/4>r value of 1.27 (curve D - note 10X scale expansion). Similar non-unity 4>r0/4>r values were observed in sulfide electrolytes at temperatures exceeding 80°C. 

A vernier adjustment (scale expansion) between fixed ranges is also available for calibration of absorbance and transmittance. The dual flow cells have a capacity of 8 /il and a 10-mm optical pathlength. 

One of the more challenging unsolved problems is the representation of transient events, such as attacks in musical percussive sounds and plosives in speech, which are neither quasi-periodic nor random. The residual which results from the deterministic/stochastic model generally contains everything which is not deterministic, i.e., everything that is not sine-wave-like. Treating this residual as stochastic when it contains transient events, however, can alter the timbre of the sound, as for example in time-scale expansion. A possible approach to improve the quality of such transformed sounds is to introduce a second layer of decomposition where transient events are separated and transformed with appropriate phase coherence as developed in section 4.4. One recent method performs a wavelet analysis on the residual to estimate and remove transients in the signal [Hamdy et al., 1996] the remainder is a broadband noise-like component. 

The case p < 1 corresponds to slowing down the rate of articulation by means of a time-scale expansion, while the case p > 1 corresponds to speeding up the rate of articulation by means of a time-scale compression. Events which take place at a time t 0 according to the new time scale will have occurred at p 1 t.(] in the original time scale. 

Figure 9.18 Time-scale expansion (x2) using subband phase correction (a) Original (b) Expansion with phase correction at 5ms (c) with phase correction in clustered subbands (d) without phase correction. (Reprinted with permission from [Quatieri etal, 1995], 1995, IEEE)...

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