Tumor detection

Admittedly, none of the X-ray contrast agents that used to be labeled as specific were developed to solve important diagnostic problems that are of interest today such as early tumor detection or diagnosis of nonobstructive inflammatory arterial or degenerative cerebral disease. 

Breast cancer has a very high incidence in women. Breast cancer frequently develops into (or is) a systemic disease. The best way to reduce risk due to breast cancer is early tumor detection and surgical removal. The increase in detection rate of breast tumors that are < 1 cm in diameter over the past 10 years can be mostly attributed to improvements in the sensitivity and utilization of mammography. The main utility of CA 15-3 in breast cancer is to monitor patients after mastectomy (14). 

Damadian, R. Tumor detection by nuclear magnetic resonance. Science 171 1151-1153,1971. 

The results obtained in the UK trial are more difficult to explain. Since the sample was basically composed of rather young women (62% younger than 50 years old) with increased risk by family history (96% with a first-degree relative affected), it can be postulated that the origin of the majority of cancers was probably more genetic than hormonal. Furthermore, there is no information on the receptor status of the tumor detected in both placebo and treated group. 

Individuals at risk for developing a genetic disease with a delayed age of onset may wish to learn whether they have inherited a disease-causing mutation (e.g., Huntington disease, femilial breast cancer, hemochromatosis, adenomatous polyposis coli). In some cases, presymptomatic diagnosis can be highly usefiil in preventing serious disease consequences before they occur (e.g., phlebotomy for hemochromatosis, early tumor detection for familial breast cancer). 

Pinheiro, N.A., Caballero, O.L., Soares, R, Reis, L.F.L., and Simpson, A.J.G., Significant overexpression of oligophrenin-1 in colorectal tumors detected by cDNA microarray analysis. Cancer Lett., 172, 67-73, 2001. 

S. Furumoto, K. Takashima, K. Kubota, T. Ido, R. Iwata, H. Fukuda, Tumor detection using F-labeled matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibitor, Nucl. Med. Biol. 30 (2003) 119-125. 

S. Hoegerle, C. Altehoefer, N. Ghanem, I. Brink, E. Moser, E. Nitzsche, F-DOPA positron emission tomography for tumor detection in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and elevated calcitonin levels, Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 28(1) (2001) 64-71. 

Antibody produced by this technique is used for many different purposes in medicine and pharmacy. As the size of a scFv molecule produced by phage display (27 kDa) is smaller than that of a complete antibody ( 150 kDa), it is used for diagnosis and therapy. Monoclonal antibodies produced by conventional approaches for tumor detection, slowly diffuse into the tissues and are removed from circulation due to their large size. It seems that scFv will soon replace them. 

Used in cardiology and for tumor detection Used in lung-ventilation and blood-flow studies... 

TUMOR DETECTION VERSUS TUMOR THERAPY WITH L.C.M. 

J.S. D Arrigo, Contrast-assisted tumor detection, Drug News Perspectives 4 (1991) 164-167. 

Lipson RL, Baldes EJ, Olsen AM. The use of a derivative of hematoporphyrin in tumor detection. J Natl Cancer Inst 1961 26 1-1 I. 

The precise role of immunological surveillance in tumorigenesis is not well dehned for the majority of malignancies. The occurrence of a unique spectrum of malignancies in immunosuppressed individuals suggests either that immune surveillance is only important in certain tumors or that the duration needed to see an increased incidence of many more common tumors (e.g., colorectal, breast, lung, or prostate carcinomas) is not reached. Suppression of T cell mediated immunity has, however, been unequivocally associated with an increased incidence of certain mahgnancies. In patients with profound defects in T cell immunity the time to tumor detection is often shorter than for cancers induced by other mechanisms. 

Corroles are tetrapyrrole macrocycles that are closely related to porphyrins, with one carbon atom less in the onter periphery and one NH proton more in their inner core. They may also be considered as the aromatic version (identical skeleton) of the only partially conjugated corrin, the cobalt-coordinating ligand in Vitamin B. Two potential application of corroles are in tumor detection and their use in photovoltaic devices. Selective snbstitntion of corroles via nitration, hydroformylation, and chlorosulfonation for the gallinm were studied in detail and the respective mechanistic pathways and spectroscopic data were reported, (an example is shown in Fignre 27). Overall, over 139 varions corroles were synthesized and the effect of various metal complexation pertaining to their selective reactivity examined. ... 

Thallium-201 SPECT and fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) PET are both used to help differentiate residual brain tumor and brain tumor recurrence from radiation necrosis. Thallium-201 SPECT has been found to be just as good or even better for tumor detection than FDG PET (Kahn et al., 1994 Maria et al., 1998 Stokkel et al., 1999). Thallium-201 SPECT can also be utilized to help differentiate lymphoma from toxoplasmosis which is an important question in immunocompromised... 

A gastric carcinoid tumor, detected during long-term anti-ulcer therapy with a histamine receptor antagonist and proton pump inhibitors, has been reported (34). 

Un 2.8 days (K, y) In(III)-bleomycin In(III)-oxine Tumor detection Labeled leukocytes (abscesses, infections, inflammations), labeled platelets (thrombosis, transplant rejection)... 

Sachse A et al (1993) Preparation and evaluation of lyophulized iopromide-carrying liposomes for liver tumor detection. Invest Radiol 28 838-844... 

Except in the pregnant patient, AFP levels greater than 1000 pg/L are indicative of cancer. At these levels of AFP, about half of hepatocellular carcinomas may be detected. However, because the serum level of AFP correlates with the size of the tumor, detection of hepatocellular carcinoma is more useful at the earlier stages, when the tumor is small enough to be resectable (less than 5 cm) than when the tumor is large. To detect small tumors, the cut-off level for AFP has to be set at a low level a cut-off point of 10 to 20pg/L has been recommended. However, at this level, hepatitis and cirrhosis must be considered as possible causes of elevation. 

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