Savannah soils

Daia, X., Bouttona, T. W., Glaserb, B., Ansleyc, R. J., and Zech, W. (2005). Black carbon in a temperate mixed-grass savannah. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37,1879-1881. 

Brasseur et al. 1999). Tropical savannah soils are important sources of many trace gases such as CO2, CH4, N2O, and NO (Sanhueza et al. 1994). After emissions some of these gases are chemically transformed under the very active tropical atmosphere. 

Sanhueza, E., L. Cardenas, L. Donoso, and M. Santana. 1994. Effect of plowing on CO2, CO, CH4, N2O, and NO fluxes from tropical savannah soils. Journal of Geophysical Research 99 16429-16434. 

The procedure of resin extraction of Mo proposed by Bhella and Dawson (1972) has not been well tested for evaluating Mo availability in alkaline soils. A comparison between that method and the AAO extraction (Karimian and Cox, 1979) did not show any positive correlation between the Mo extracted by either of the methods and plant Mo uptake. Lombin (1985) tried the resin extraction procedure for assessing the availability of Mo in semiarid savannah soils of Nigeria, but did not find it suitable. Compared with resin extraction, AAO extraction showed good correlation with Mo uptake by peanuts, provided that soil organic-matter content was used as an independent variable. 

Sanchez PA. 1981. Soil management in the Oxisol savannahs and Ultisol jungles of tropical South America. In Greenland DJ, ed. Characterization of Soils. Oxford Oxford University Press, 214-252. 

T0887 Westinghouse Savannah River Corporation, Transportable Vitrification System T0892 WRS Infrastructure Environmental, Inc., Soil Washing Process T0896 Yellowstone Environmental Science, Inc. (YES), Biocat II T0899 Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc., ZenoGem... 

T0887 Westinghouse Savannah River Corporation, Transportable Vitrification System T0892 WRS Infrastructure Environmental, Inc., Soil Washing Process... 

In 1990, 10,600 tons of soil contaminated with cadmium and lead from a former battery recycling facility in Savannah, Illinois, were treated with the STC Remediation, Inc., reagents. The vendor states that the reagents, on-site technical support personnel, and the on-site quality assurance personnel cost 51.00 per ton of soil treated (D113382, p. 13). 

The U.S. Department of Energy s Office of Technology Development has sponsored full-scale environmental restoration technology demonstrations since 1990. The Savannah River Site Integrated Demonstration focuses on the bioremediation of groundwater contaminated by chlorinated solvents. Several laboratories, including the Savannah River site, have demonstrated the ability of methanotrophic bacteria (i.e., those that oxidize methane) found in soil, sediment, and aqueous material, to completely degrade or mineralize chlorinated solvents. 

Kaplan, D., Knox, A. Coffey, C. 2002. Reduction of Contaminant Mobility at the TNX Outfall Delta Through the Use of Apatite and Zero-Valent Iron as Soil Amendments. Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Savannah River, Georgia, WSRC-TR-2002-00370. 

The liquid waste is stored for at least 6 y prior to solidification to reduce the decay heat (Fig. 16.8) by a factor of 10 or more. The first U.S. military fuel reprocessing wastes were stored as neutralized waste in mild steel tanks at the Hanford reservation in eastern Washington. These steel-lined, reinforced-concrete tanks were 500,000-1,000,000 gal in capacity with provisions for removal of waste heat and radiolysis products. Corrosion of several tanks occurred with the release of waste. Fortunately, the soil around these tanks retarded nuclide transport. A better (and more expensive) design for storage tanks was implemented at the Savannah River site in South Carolina consisting of a second steel tank inside of a Hanford-style tank. The storage of acid waste in these tanks has not encountered the corrosion problems seen with the Hanford tanks. 

Organic extraction using solvents at the general refining Superfund site in Savannah, GA (Cheremisinoff, 1989) Oily sludges, hydrocarbon-contaminated soil, and triethylamine (TEA) Resources Conservation Company, Georgia... 

However, Daia et al. (2005) found that repeated savannah fires increased black C only slightly compared to the unburned controls, and the effects were not statistically significant. Results of this study provide estimates of black C concentrations for native, uncultivated mixed-grass savanna and indicate that 2-3 fires have little effect on the size of the soil black C pool (Daia et al., 2005). 

Plutonium is deposited on plant tissues by fallout and by resuspension from soil. Pinder et al. (1985) and Pinder McLeod (1988) measured 238Pu and 239+240pu in topsoil and in corn and sunflower foliage near the Savannah River Plant. Because the ratio of Pu isotopes in contemporary fallout was different from that in soil, Pinder et al. were able to estimate how much of the Pu on the foliage derived from the soil. They found that, at harvest, resuspended soil on foliage amounted to about 0.8 g per m2 of ground area. 

Fig. 7-12. Concentration ratios (ie, soil-to-plant transfer factors) for plutonium and americium at various sites associated with the US nuclear programme. Key to sites NTS, Nevada test site SR, Savannah River, South Carolina OR, Oak Ridge, Tennessee RF, Rocky Flats, Colorado NTS, Enewetak Atoll, South Pacific (from Dahlman et al., 1976).

Crop residue application can prevent erosion, reduce nutrient losses, stimulate microbial activity in the rhizosphere, improve soil structure and increase the yield of subsequent crops (Schlecht et al., 2006). It may contribute to SOM build-up, but rapid breakdown due to synchrony of high temperature and moist soil during the rainy season(s), together with termite activity, limits residual effects in savannah areas. Mulching with 2 t ha 1 of crop residue, the rate most frequently used on experimental plots, resulted in yield increases from less than 10% to manifold, depending on crop, management, soil and climate (e.g. Schlecht et al., 2006). 

Sauerborn, J. Kranz, B. and H. Mercer-Quarshie (2003). Organic amendments mitigate heterotrophic weed infestation in savannah agriculture.- Applied Soil Ecology 23, 181-186. 

Loganathan, B.G., Kannan, K., Sajwan, K.S., Chetty, C.S., Giesy, J.P., Owen, D.A. (1997). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in street dusts and soil samples from Savannah, Georgia. Organohalogen Compounds 32 192-7. 

Bibler JP, Marson DB. 1992. Behavior of mercury, lead, cesium, and uranyl ions on four SRS soils (U). Westinghouse Savannah River Company Savannah River Site. WSR-RP-92-326. 

Burnham, C. P. 1989.Pedological processes and nutrient supply from parent material in tropical soils. Pages 27-41. in J. Proctor. Mineral nutrients in tropical and savannah ecosystems. Blackwell, Oxford. 

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