Black soils

Schwarzeisen, n. higb-silicon pig iron, scbwarzea, v.t. blacken, black darken. Scbwarz-erde, /. black earth, black soil, -er ... 

Hassett IJ, Banwart WL (1989) The sorption of nonpolar organics by soils and sediments In Sawhney BL, Brown K. (eds) Reactions and movement of organic chemicals in soils Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wl, pp 31 5p Hayes MHB, Malcom RL (2001) Considerations of compositions and aspects of the structure of humic substances. In Clapp CE, Hayes MHB, Senesi N, Bloom PR Jardine PM, Humic substances and chemical contaminants. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wl, pp 1-39 Herbillon AJ, Erankart R, Vielvoye L (1981) An occurrence of interstratified kaoUnite-smectite minerals in a red-black soil top sequence. Clay Miner 16 195-201 Horne RA (1969) Marine chemistry. Wiley, New York... 

ECOLOGY On black soil in ravines close to primary or secondary cloud forest and tropical evergreen forest, 300-1800 m elevation flowering sporadically from September to May. 

In the Middle Holocene, steppe landscapes also dominated the coasts of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, though with a significant proportion of mixed forests there, formation of black soils began. 

TABLE 8. Mean Residence Times (MRTs) for Different Organic Matter Fractions of a Chernozemic Black Soil (Melfort Silt Loam) as Reported by Campbell et al. (1967)... 

Based on the mineralogy controlling weathering and soil development, sensitivity of ecosystem to acid deposition is assessed with a comprehensive consideration on the effect of temperature, soil texture, land use and precipitation. The results show that the most sensitive area to acid deposition in China is Podzolic soil zone in the Northeast, then followed by Latosol, Dark Brown Forest soil and Black soil zones. The less sensitive area is Ferralsol and Yellow-Brown Earth zone in the Southeast, and the least sensitive areas are mainly referred to as Xerosol zone in the Northwest,... 

Dark Brown Forest soil and Black soil are in frigid temperate conditions. The accumulated temperature of > 10 °C is about 2000, the annual mean temperature is lower than 5 °C, and the precipitation is low. These soils contain large sand and small clay fraction. Thus, the chemical weathering rates are low and critical loads are also low. 

The conditions of soil formation in the Province are consistent with the geographical zonality. The main type of soil is black soil - chernozem. About 80 % of the territory is occupied by chernozems of different subtypes. The black soil fertility is famous in the world. 

Oxides and hydroxides of Fe and Mn are ordinary components of black soils, but their impact on the behaviour of microelements is very important. These compounds can absorb microelements, because they form membranes in soil (Kabata-Pendias et al., 2003). High content of Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides in soil may lead to significant changes in the geochemical balance. However, the environmental impacts are not equally distributed over the territory. It is a well-known fact, that impacts in certain industrial areas are higher than in others. Table 3 shows the concentrations of 15 elements in urban soils. 

Black soil (chernozem) — this occurs in lowlands under conditions of a dry and warm climate with a mean annual temperature of about 9°C and... 

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