Salmonella detection

As a consequence, the importing and manufacturing companies have established comprehensive and efficient examination procedures for raw material acceptance. The major problem in this relation is the fact that microorganisms as well as other contaminants normally are not homogenously distributed within the product. For that reason detailed sampling plans have been developed the best known one is the Foster plan [14], which is specialised for salmonella detection. 

Here, one needs to consider the logistics i.e., sample loading, sample preparation time (some samples may require complicated treatment like preenrichment steps for Salmonella detection), assay procedures i.e., time consuming protocols entailing numerous pipetting and washing steps could be automated to free up personnel time. Other considerations include assay design for multiple assay to be performed at the same time. 

T. Humphrey and P. Stephens, Salmonella detection. In B. Caballero, L. Trugo and P.M. Finglas (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Food Science and Nutrition, Academic Press, 2003, pp. 5079-5084. 

Kim N, Park IS, Kim WY (2007) Salmonella detection with a direct binding optical grating coupler immunosensor. Sensors Actuators B Chem 121 606-615... 

The electrochemical immunosensor system for Salmonella detection shown in Figure 4.7 is based on a direct sandwich ELISA format with HRP used as the enzyme label and TMB/H2O2 as the substrate/mediator system. TMB (3,3 5,5 -tetramethylbenzidine dihydrochloride) was used here as a mediator and shuttles the electrons between the... 

Ames B.N., McCann J. Yamasaki E. (1975) Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. MutatRes, 31, 347-364. 

Valentfn-Bon, I. E. Brackett, R. E. Seo, K. H. Hammack, T. S. Andrews, W. H. Preenrichment versus direct selective agar plating for the detection of Salmonella enteritidis in shell eggs. J. Food Prot. 2003, 66,1670-1674. 

Mansfield, L. P Forsythe, S. J. The detection of Salmonella using a combined immunomagnetic separation and ELISA end-detection procedure. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2000,31, 279-283. 

Valdivieso-Garcia, A. Riche, E. Abubakar, O. Waddell, T. E. Brooks, B. W. A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Salmonella using biotinylated monoclonal antibodies. J. Food Prot. 2001, 64,1166-1171. 

Hanai, K. Satake, M. Nakanishi, H. Venkateswaran, K. Comparison of commercially available kits with standard methods for detection of Salmonella strains in foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997, 63,775-778. 

Burtscher, C. Fall, P. A. Wilderer, P. A. Wuertz, S. Detection of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in suspended organic waste by nucleic acid extraction and PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999, 65, 2235-2237. 

Waage, A. S. Vardund, T. Lund, V. Kapperud, G. Detection of low numbers of Salmonella in environmental water, sewage and food samples by a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1999, 87, 418 128. 

Coldham, N. G. Woodward, M. J. Characterization of the Salmonella typhimurium proteome by semi-automated two dimensional HPLC-mass spectrometry Detection of proteins implicated in multiple antibiotic resistance. J. Proteome Res. 2004, 3,595-603. 

Events involving deliberate or accidental distribution of bacterial pathogens into our everyday environment have clearly defined the need for a sensitive, specific, and rapid method of bacterial detection. Bioterrorism was first introduced in the United States in 1984 with the Salmonella typhimurium attack in The Dalles, Oregon, by a cult group attempting to affect a local election.1 As a result of this act 751 people contracted salmonellosis, which totally overwhelmed the hospitals and medical clinics with patients. Later our society became keenly aware of the potential of bioterrorism during the last four months of 2001 when Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) spores were sent through the US mail in an envelope to several locations. These events had... 

Nestmann ER, Douglas GR, Matula TI, Grant CE, Kowbel DJ (1979) Mutagenic activity of rhodamine dyes and their impurities as detected by mutation induction in Salmonella and DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cancer Res 39 4412-4417... 

Large analytes targeted by affinity biosensor technology include bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes. Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes were detected by an SPR sensor at concentrations down to 106 cfu/ml27. 

Yu H., Bruno J.G., Immunomagnetic-electrochemiluminescent detection of Escherichia coli 0157 and Salmonella typhimurium in foods and environmental water samples, Appl. Environ. Micro. 1995 62 587-592. 

Connor TH, Forti GC, Sitra P, et al. 1979. Bile as a source of mutagenic metabolites produced in vivo and detected by Salmonella typhimurium. Environ Mutagen 1 269-276. 

C. Singh, G.S. Agarwal, G.P. Rai, L. Singh, and V.K. Rao, Specific detection of Salmonella typhi using renewable amperometric immunosensor. Electroanalysis 17, 2062-2067 (2005). 

Y.S. Fung and Y.Y. Wong, Self-assembled monolayers as the coating in a quartz piezoelectric crystal immunosensor to detect salmonella in aqueous solution. Anal. Chem. 73, 5302-5309 (2001). 

G.H. Kim, A.G. Rand, and S.V. Letcher, Impedance characterization of a piezoelectric immunosensor. Part II Salmonella typhimurium detection using magnetic enhancement. Biosens. Bioelectron. 18, 91-99 (2003). 

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