Piezoelectric immunosensor

C. Steegborn and P. Skladal, Construction and characterization of the direct piezoelectric immunosensor for atrazine operating in solution. Biosens. Bioelectron. 12,19-27 (1997). 

J. Pribyl, M. Hepel, J. Halameka, and P. Skladal, Development of piezoelectric immunosensors for competitive and direct determination of atrazine. Sens. Actuat. B 91, 333-341 (2003). 

B. Zuo, S. Li, Z. Guo, J. Zhang, and C. Chen, Piezoelectric immunosensor for SARS-associated corona-virus in sputum. Anal. Chem. 76, 3536-3540 (2004). 

B. Konig and M. Gratzel, Development of a piezoelectric immunosensor for the detection of human erythrocytes. Anal. Chim. Acta 276, 329-333 (1993). 

H. Muramatsu, K. Kajiwara, E. Tamiya, and I. Karube, Piezoelectric immunosensor for the detection of Candida albicans microbes. Anal. Chim. Acta 188, 257—261 (1986). 

G.Y. Shen, H. Wang, S.Z. Tan, J.S. D, G.L. Shen, and R.Q. Yu, Detection of antisperm antibody in human serum using a piezoelectric immunosensor based on mixed self-assembled monolayers. Anal. Chim. Acta 540, 279-284 (2005). 

G.H. Kim, A.G. Rand, and S.V. Letcher, Impedance characterization of a piezoelectric immunosensor. Part II Salmonella typhimurium detection using magnetic enhancement. Biosens. Bioelectron. 18, 91-99 (2003). 

J. Halamek, A. Makower, P. Skladal and F.W. Scheller, Highly sensitive detection of cocaine using a piezoelectric immunosensor, Biosens. Bioelectron., 17 (2002) 1045-1050. 

Su, X. L., and Li, Y. B. (2004). A self-assembled monolayer-based piezoelectric immunosensor for rapid detection of Escherichia coli 0157 H7. Biosens. Bioelectron. 19, 563-574. 

Types of biosensors can be named either by the biological components, physical transducing devices, or the measured analytes. Researchers were originally using biological components to define types of biosensors (Table 2). Types of transducers had also been included in the name to identify the physical transducing device, i.e., enzyme electrodes, acoustic-immunosensors, optical biosensors, piezoelectric-immunosensors, and biochips. 

Pribyl, J., M. Hepel, and P. Skladal. 2006. Piezoelectric immunosensors for polychlorinated biphenyls operating in aqueous and organic phases. Sens. Actual B Chem. Spec. Issue 113 900-910. 

Park, J.W., S. Kurosawa, H. Aizawa, et al. 2006. Piezoelectric immunosensor for bisphenol A based on signal enhancing step with 2-methacrolyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine polymeric nanoparticle. Analyst 131 155-162. 

Ben-Dov, I., Willneg I., and Zisman, E, Piezoelectric immunosensors for urine specimeas ol Chlamydia trachomatis employing quartz crystal microbalance microgravimetric analyses. Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 3506-3512. 

Konig, B., and Gratzel, M. A piezoelectric immunosensor for hepatitis viruses. Anal. Chim. Acta 1995,309,19-25. 

Acoustic transducers have also been used in immunosensors for water analysis (Guilbault, 1992). The resonant frequency of an oscillating piezoelectric crystal can be affected by a change in mass at the crystal surface. Piezoelectric immunosensors are able to measure a small change in mass. Recent publications have been based on immunosensors using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for the detection of trace amounts of chemical compounds, such as dioxins (Kurosawa, 2003). 

Investigation of highly sensitive piezoelectric immunosensors for 2,4-dichlo-rophenoxyacetic acid. Biosensors Bioelec-tronies 16, 253-260... 

Suleiman, A. A. and Guilbault, G. G. (1994) Review Recent developments in piezoelectric immunosensors. Analyst 119, 2279-2282... 

Despite their high cost and the long process involved in their development, immunochemical techniques may soon have broad applicability in the environmental field. Antibody production is the key step of any immunochemical technique. Immunosensors yield the best results for pesticides determination104 in terms of both accuracy and reliability. The most reliable immunosensors are piezoelectric. They assure a good sensitivity and limit of detection.105 The main problem for piezoelectric immunosensors utilization for water analysis is their low sensitivity, which results in a decrease in the S/N ratio because of the impurities present in water (from matrix or other sources). 

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