Salinity, test medium

Salinity of the test medium the presence of dissolved salts or minerals generally decreases the solubility of solutes, but also the reverse has been reported e.g. the increased solubility of benzene in the presence of NaCl (Herington and Kynaston, 1952). 

Salinity of the test medium sensitivity to chemicals may increase or decrease with changes in the salinity and hardness of the water, which may also affect the solubility of the toxicants. 

Charnley was certainly aware of the effects of testing joint surfaces in synovial fluid as opposed to aqueous environment. His animal and human joint frictional testing, for example, which were conducted in the 1950s, included a range of lubricating fluids [12,13]. However, for wear testing of artificial joint materials, Charnley advocated saline as the medinm, because he felt that synovial fluid would not be a harsh enough test medium for the joint materials. 

The previous analysis of SAH behavior in the soil clearly shows that their application for improving the water-holding capacity is not universal. Hydrogel swelling in a porous, partially salinized medium is affected by numerous factors, most often negative, and therefore a rational application of SAH demands an accurate consideration of these factors. It is evident that certain principles for adjustment of hydrogels to physical and chemical soil parameters, as well as appropriate laboratory tests and calculation algorithm systems should be worked out. 

Sample tests in the field. These include coupons, stressed samples, electrical-resistance probes exposed to the plant corroding medium, or samples exposed to the atmosphere, to soils, or to fresh, brackish, or saline waters. Samples for viable microbes involved in MIC must be processed immediately in the field into appropriate growth media. 

MRC has evaluated the effect of fatigue testing of candidate cardiovascular materials in human blood versus fatigue testing in air and saline - all at 37°C (Figures 5 and 6). Whole human blood was chosen as one of the mediums for testing at 37°C, in spite of the difficulties associated with this testing. 

Two bacterial Shewanella species, S. putrefaciens and S. oneidensis, previously selected on the basis of their ability to degrade azo dyes, were also tested in saline medium at different salt concentrations of up to 10% to evaluate their potential to decolorize four structurally different azo dyes Reactive Black 5, Direct Red 81, Acid Red 88, and Disperse Orange 3. Full decolorization was reached at salt concentrations up to 6% the decolorization velocity was inversely related to salt concentration. The rate of decolorization was increased by yeast extract and a calcium source, while was decreased by glucose and by a nitrogen source [54]. 

If necessary, the test substance should be dissolved or suspended as a suitable vehicle, preferably in water, saline, or an aqueous suspension such as 0.5% methyl cellulose in water. If a test substance cannot be dissolved or suspended in an aqueous medium to form a homogenous dosage preparation, com oil or another solvent can be used. The animals in the vehicle control group should receive the same volume of vehicle given to animals in the highest-dose group. 

Methanol-water is the extraction medium of the method recently tested for validation by the European Commission (39), for the determination of aflatoxins at the European regulatory limits for dried figs, pistachios, peanut butter, and paprika 50 g of the test portion are extracted with methanol-water (80 20) for dried figs and paprika, and methanol-water (80 20) plus 100 ml of hexane for peanut butter and pistachio. After filtration, the filtrate is added to phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for the purification step. 

Integrity test the filter medium using a sterile 0.1% peptone solution or saline solution to wet the medium. The wetting solution also serves as a negative control sterility check. The entire wetting solution is... 

Natural seawater is a better medium in which to carry out the tests. Such water was carried, by distilled water, to salinity value of 25g/kg SW (SeaWater), which is the middle value of salinity of the Mediterranean Mar. Filter with nylon (Sigma Aldrich) net of the diameter of 47 mm and with a porosity of 0.45 pm, and then sterilize it before using put algae in 200 mL of sea water for about 24 h. Use only whole algae. 

The Step 3 product was ground and sieved with a mortar and pestle and passed through a 125 p sieve. Rats were administered 6.75 mg of the experimental agent by injection in a medium consisting of 2% carboxymethylcellulose, 1% Tween 20 , and saline. Blood samples were collected at various time intervals, and the plasma levels of Lanreotide was determined by radioimmuno assay. Test results for are provided in Table 1. 

The choice of receptor fluid can influence the outcome of the study considerably (Ramsey et al., 1994 Bronaugh, 1995). In order to avoid underestimation of skin absorption, the test compound should be soluble in the receptor fluid. On the other hand, the receptor fluid should not damage the barrier properties of the skin membrane. Various receptor fluids have been used, including saline (for hydrophilic test substances) and water/ethanol mixtures, or saline supplemented with bovine serum albumin or poly(ethylene glycol) 20 oleyl ether (for testing of lipophilic compounds). When performing studies with metabolicaUy active skin preparations, the receptor fluid should support the viability of the skin. In these cases, a tissue culture medium is normally used. 

The cytotoxicity of distamycin derivatives was estimated on the basis of the morphological modifications induced in HeLa cell cultures, after incubation for 40 h in Hanks saline solution + 0.5 % lactalbumin hydrolysate + 5 % calf serum (HLS). Assay on vaccinia virus Cultures of HeLa cells (grown in HLS medium) or mouseembryo cells (grown in HLS medium plus 0.1 % yeastolate) infected with vaccinia virus (Strain WR/ATCC) were used. Preliminary assays were made according to Herrmann et al.° Subsequent studies were carried out by assessing the inhibition of plaque formation (ECP) as well as the inhibition of infectious virus production in test tube cultures treated with the compounds for 40 h after the absorption of the virus. 

At this stage, it is appropriate to mention a method which determines a transition temperature for a wide range of collagens which in turn correlates closely with Tjy measured on dilute neutral solutions. It is simply the force-temperature method already discussed except that the sample is first soaked in HCl at pH 1 and tested in this medium. As is well known, the sample will swell reversibly in this medium at low temperatures. When the system is now heated a shrinkage phenomenon occurs that is quite analogous to that which takes place in saline at T. ... 

The effect of the withdrawal of the plant extracts after six days of treatment was also studied. At the conclusion of the treatment period, cells were washed three times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and fed with fresh medium lacking test materials, DMSO or ddC. The cultures were allowed to recover for six days with the medium changed every two days. Culture medium collected was stored at -70 C and assayed for HBsAg levels as described below. At the end of 12th day, the plates were also examined for cell survival. 

The disinfected ceramics were immersed in culture solution DMEM (Dulbecoo s Modified Eagle s Medium) for cytotoxicity test and physiological saline was also used to get the extract for hemolysis test. The extract experiment was conducted under 37°C for 24 h and 10 ml physiological saline for each 0.2 g porous AI2O3 was used. 

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