Sales chemical industry

Liquid Effluents. Recycling of acid, soda, and zinc have long been necessary economically, and the acid—soda reaction product, sodium sulfate, is extracted and sold into other sectors of the chemical industry. Acid recovery usually involves the degassing, filtering, and evaporative concentration of the spent acid leaving the spinning machines. Excess sodium sulfate is removed by crystallization and then dehydrated before sale. Traces of zinc that escape recovery are removable from the main Hquid effluent stream to the extent that practically all the zinc can now be retained in the process. 

Product innovation absorbs considerable resources in the fine chemicals industry, in part because of the shorter life cycles of fine chemicals as compared to commodities. Consequently, research and development (R D) plays an important role. The main task of R D in fine chemicals is scaling-up lab processes, as described, eg, in the ORAC data bank or as provided by the customers, so that the processes can be transferred to pilot plants (see Pilot PLANTS AND microplants) and subsequently to industrial-scale production. Thus the R D department of a fine chemicals manufacturer typically is divided into a laboratory or process research section and a development section, the latter absorbing the Hon s share of the R D budget, which typically accounts for 5 to 10% of sales. Support functions include the analytical services, engineering, maintenance, and Hbrary. 

Total sales of the fine chemical industry were estimated to amount to about 12 biUion in 1991, by an in-depth analysis of the product portfolio of representative fine chemicals manufacturers (11) and by performing top-down analyses of the fife science industry (12). However, some consulting firms gave higher (- 60 x 10 ) figures for the size of the fine chemicals business (13). 

Cyclic Hydrocarbons. The cyclic hydrocarbon intermediates are derived principally from petroleum and natural gas, though small amounts are derived from coal. Most cycHc intermediates are used in the manufacture of more advanced synthetic organic chemicals and finished products such as dyes, medicinal chemicals, elastomers, pesticides, and plastics and resins. Table 6 details the production and sales of cycHc intermediates in 1991. Benzene (qv) is the largest volume aromatic compound used in the chemical industry. It is extracted from catalytic reformates in refineries, and is produced by the dealkylation of toluene (qv) (see also BTX Processing). 

Due to their wide range of analytical challenges centralized analytical laboratories are required to adopt a series of QM systems simultaneously. For example, the Competence Center Analytics of BASF AG in Ludwigshafen is certified and accredited to operate under four different QM systems. Undoubtedly, QM systems play a vital role in a modern industrial analytical laboratory. The sale of many products of the chemical industry is not possible without a GLP-certified analytical laboratory. However, in practical tenus the different QM systems can potentially reduce the efficiency of the analytical process and lead to increased costs. 

Only 10 firms account for 75% of agrochemicals sales, while the 15 largest drug companies have a market share of only 33% (Stinson, 1995). About 85% of fine chemicals are manufactured by companies of the triad the United States (28%), Western Europe (39%), and Japan (17%). Italy, with 4.0 million litres reactor capacity and 71 manufacturers, topped the European fine chemicals industry (Layman, 1993). Recently India, China, and Eastern-Central European countries have gained a significant proportion of the market, as a result of the lower direct labour costs and the more relaxed environmental and safety standards. It is fair to state that the high quality of chemists in these countries has also contributed to this development. In 1993, the cost of producing fine chemicals in India was 12% below that in Europe (Layman, 1993). 

Graham D. Taylor and Patrick E. Sudnik. Du Pont and the International Chemical Industry. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1984. Du Pont quadrupled sales in Depression. 

A weekly publication of McGraw-Hill. This excellent pubheation concentrates on the news and business aspects of the chemical industry. It periodically has excellent marketing and sales studies for various products. It also publishes annually a plant-site-selection issue and a Buyers Guide. The Buyers Guide lists the major producers and the source of supply for over 6,000 chemical products, and has a list of chemical trade names. It publishes, quarterly, the current financial condition of 300 companies involved in chemical processing. 

A weekly publication of the American Chemical Society. It is an excellent publication giving the news that affects the chemical industry, including marketing, sales and business information. In its annual Facts and Figures for the Chemical Industry, it gives the financial condition for over 100 different... 

One way of avoiding estimating the number of maintenance personnel is to base the cost of maintenance on the total sales. In 1972, this cost ranged between 3 and 9% of total sales with the largest chemical companies ranging between 6.1 and 7.4%.50 For the whole chemical industry, maintenance averaged 4.8% of the total fixed assets. 

Research expenses are those associated with the administration and running of research projects. Research expenses average 3-4% of sales for the chemical industry. For the large pharmaceutical companies this is nearly 10%.8... 

This relatively stable system now faces increasing volatility and complexity due to volatile demand and raw material prices as well as globalization in markets and company networks. Specifically, price-volatile commodity products within the chemical industry require planning volumes together with values across sales to procurement. In this context, the work of Matthias Kannegiesser focuses on two research questions ... 

The problem to monthly plan a global value chain for commodities in the chemical industry puts specific requirements considering on the aspects of values, sales, distribution, production and procurement planning in a global network. Recent research related to value chain planning can be clustered into global-oriented, chemical industry-oriented or commodity-oriented research. 

The chemical industry is one of the key global industries with chemical product sales of 1,776 billion globally in 2004 (CEFIC 2005, p. 3). Industries can be classified as mainly process, discrete or service industries between natural resources and the final end consumer need as shown in fig. 25. 

The chemical industry is one of the largest global industries with an annual sales value of 1,776 billion in 2005. The chemical industry in Europe counts for 2.5% within 24.5% overall industry contribution to the total GDP in the EU 15. Traditionally important markets for the chemical industry are Europe and the United States counting for 60% of global sales value in 2004 as shown in fig. 31 (CEFIC 2005). 

Fig. 32 Global sales and value flows in the chemical industry...

Even individual segments of the chemical industry have a very large economic importance. As one example, an Arthur D. Little study has estimated that 23 percent of all business sales, 16 percent of all capital investment and 19 percent of total non-government related jobs are dependent on the production of petrochemicals ( 1). According to this study, 35 to 45 percent of United States business activity is directly or indirectly affected by the American petrochemical industry. 

China s petrochemical exports are still quite limited at present. International sales are handled primarily through SINOCHEM. In the near future, we may expect the Ministry of Chemical Industry to be more directly involved in exporting through China National Chemical Industry to be more directly involved in exporting through China National Chemical Construc-... 

---