Safflower seeds

Other than fuel, the largest volume appHcation for hexane is in extraction of oil from seeds, eg, soybeans, cottonseed, safflower seed, peanuts, rapeseed, etc. Hexane has been found ideal for these appHcations because of its high solvency for oil, low boiling point, and low cost. Its narrow boiling range minimises losses, and its low benzene content minimises toxicity. These same properties also make hexane a desirable solvent and reaction medium in the manufacture of polyolefins, synthetic mbbers, and some pharmaceuticals. The solvent serves as catalyst carrier and, in some systems, assists in molecular weight regulation by precipitation of the polymer as it reaches a certain molecular size. However, most solution polymerization processes are fairly old it is likely that those processes will be replaced by more efficient nonsolvent processes in time. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Cartliamus tinctorius oil Safflower seed oil Chemical Formula Not applicable. 

Safflower seed oil All-frans-p-carotene 95 5.4x 10 3 26.2 Henry etal. (1998)... 

Safflower In safflower plants expressing biopharmaceuticals, the protein of interest is fused to oleosin, the protein that forms oil bodies within the safflower seeds. The seeds can be crushed and the oil bodies then easily purified by centrifugation. This oleosin-fusion protein system was first developed by SemBioSys Genetics, Inc., in safflower or oilseed rape. 

SembioSys Genetics, Inc. Calgary, Alberta Insulin, ApoAI Safflower seeds... 

Rubbing Alcohol Ruby Arsenic Saccharose Saccharum Safflower Seed Oil Sal Acetosella Sal Ammoniac Salicylic Acid Salmiac Salt of Saturn Salt of Sorrel Salufer Sal Volatile Sand Acid Santachlor... 

Fatty Acid Arachis Cottonseed Rendered Pork Fat Maize Mustard Seed Edible Tallow Safflower Seed Sesame Seed Sunflower Soybean Seed ... 

Property Safflower seed oil Sesame seed oil Soybean oil Sunflower oil ... 

Dietetic foods, margarine, hydrogenated shortenings Considered by some authorities as the most natural, nutritionally sound vegetable oil. See also Safflower Seed Oil. 

Table 4.1.31 A. Safflower meal expeller (IFN 5-04-109). The ground reside obtained after extraction of most of the oil from whole safflower seeds by a mechanical extraction process. (From AAFCO, 2005.)...

Safflower seed oil is a minor oil obtained from the seed of Carthamus tinctorius, grown particularly in India as a source of a valuable red-yellow or orange dye. Annual production of seed varies between 600,000 and 800,000. Normally it is a linoleic-rich oil ( 75% linoleic acid) with LLL (47%), LLO (19%), and LLS (18%) as the major triacylglycerols. An oleic-rich variety ( 74% oleic acid) has been developed and designated saffola (52). 

Flowering normally takes place during the warmest part of the growing season. If a protracted period of rainfall occurs at the same time, or until harvest time, unharvested safflower seeds still in the head will germinate and begin to form... 

Figure 1. a, Dr. Carl E. Claassen, father of the modern-day safflower, among fully branched safflower, b, Safflower blossom, c, Safflower seed. 

Cargill, Inc. contracted for and processed about 10001 of safflower seed in the U.S. northern Great Plains during 1947 and 1948 the company concluded that the crop was not sound at that time (34). Two men and one company provided the real imperns for getting safflower established as a crop in the United States Claassen, Knowles, and the Pacific Vegetable Oil Corp. (PVO). 

Up to that point, safflower seed production had been on a continued upward spiral in the United States, which carried through to 1963. Safflower oil had been price competitive with soybean oil, particularly in the western United States and Japan, since soybean oil produced in the Midwest was at a freight disadvantage. The introduction into California of new varieties of wheat developed by the Borlaug program in Mexico allowed California farmers to achieve increasingly better wheat yields. In the 1950s, safflower was easily able to compete with wheat or barley as a rotation crop for California s rice or cotton farmers, but once wheat yields increased and safflower yields remained constant, safflower seed prices (and consequently oil prices) were forced to rise to compete for the farmer s favor. 

Safflower seed (technically an achene) (61) consists of a tough fibrous hull that protects a kernel comprised of two cotyledons and an embryo. Applewhite (62) reported that hulls make up 18-59% of the seed weight (62), Weiss (63) characterized normal hulled seeds as 38 9%, and Li et al. (64) noted percentages of 25-87.5%. This diversity also shows up in seed weight per 1000 seeds (14-105 g), oil content (11.48 7.45%), and fatty acid distribution (linoleic acid, 11.13-85.6% oleic acid, 6.74—81.84%, stearic acid, 0.01. 88%, and palmitic acid, 2.1-29.03%) (57). 

Safflower seeds are normally cream to white, but since 1960, breeding has resulted in great variation in color, ranging from normal hull to thin hull (which tend to show part of the underlying colored layers) to types with gray, purple, or brown-striped hulls. Most of this research has been aimed at creating a thinner hull to increase oil content (Table 4). Although reduction of the hull fraction... 

Oleic types of safflower are produced primarily in the United States and to a minor degree in Mexico. The commonly available types exhibit oleic fatty acid levels in the 76-81% range. Linoleic level decreases proportionally as oleic level increases. Safflower seeds in the Northern Hemisphere tend to be higher in linoleic acid at... 

A great variation in fatty acid, oil, and protein levels occurs in the world collection of safflower seeds. Knowles s pioneering work in understanding and subsequently finding ways to modify these differences inspired many researchers to publish extensively on this subject (34, 84). Recently, most research on safflower oil modification has been performed in the United States by private planting seed companies and by the Sidney Experiment Station of Montana State University little has been published. 

Expeller pressing of safflower seed without decortication. 

The low ehd fractioh of meal that resulted from prepress-solvent extraction of safflower seed followed by two fraction tail-end decortication. 

Prepress-solvent extraction of safflower seed without decortication. Typical California, 1992. 

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