Color layer

The proteinaceous gelatins in the various animal glues were also widely used as paint media, as well as in illuminations. Glues, the traditional media in Oriental painting, remained the prevalent binders for ground layers in European painting long after oils had become virtually the only medium for the color layers. 

Proofing materials have many of the same sources of variability as film, plus the added problem of registering, ie, accurately overlaying, the different colored layers. The printing plate must be exposed precisely to hold all that is discernible in the films. The accuracy of the exposure is critical because the plate must retain all the information contained in the films for faithful reproduction on the press. 

Chromatography A technique for separating a sample material into constituent components and then measuring or identifying the compounds by other methods. As an example separation, especially of closely related compounds, is caused by allowing a solution or mixture to seep through an absorbent such as clay, gel, or paper. Result is that each compound becomes adsorbed in a separate, often colored layer. 

CAM plants Abbreviation for crassulacean acid metabolism plants. cambium The layer of cells between the phloem and the wood of a tree, cameo A small relief carving on a different colored background, made from either onyx or two-color layered glass. 

R. Hynek, S. Kuckova, J. Hradilova, M. Kodicek, Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry as a tool for fast identification of protein binders in color layers of paintings, Rapid. Commun. Mass Spectrom., 18, 1 5 (2004). 

Onyx is a variety of agate in which the parallel bands are perfectly straight and can be used for the cutting of cameos. Sardonyx has layers of dark reddish-brown carnelian alternating with light and daik colored layers of onyx. 

In our example, we separated a purple mixture made up of a polar red dye and a nonpolar blue dye. Adding this mixture to a separatory funnel containing water and hexane and shaking vigorously will produce two colored layers. The upper (hexane) layer will contain the blue (nonpolar) dye. The lower (water) layer will attract the red (polar) dye. Opening the stopcock can draw off the water layer containing the red dye (see Fig. 1.2). Evaporation of the water will yield the more polar red dye. In a similar manner, we can recover the blue dye from the hexane layer left in the separatory funnel. The problem with working with separatory funnels is that the separation is not complete each component has an equilibration concentration in each layer. 

The error function used in solving the above diffusion problem occurs as a consequence of the summation of an infinite number of infinitely thin colored layers, which themselves bring about an exponential distribution of the concentration. Because of the error function s significance for numerous practical cases, this solution will be treated in somewhat more detail. 

In the same manner, one obtains a solution to the diffusion equation starting with a colored layer having a finite thickness 2d and an initial concentration Co in both directions of the unbounded x-axis (Fig. 7-7) ... 

Cameo a carving in relief substance cut away to reveal design commonly made of layered substances such as onyx, agate, or shell often cut so that colored layers in the stone accentuate the design. 

Assumptions of Kubelka-Munk. It is assumed that the colorant layer is sufficient in extent for there to be no light lost from the edges of the layer and that it has uniform composition [2],... 

The Lambert and Beer laws has been found to be valid at low and moderate concentrations in transparent applications, but it may prove to be inaccurate at higher concentrations. In order for these laws to be valid, the absorption coefficient must be a constant independent of the concentration [5]. Since all colorant layers scatter some light, these equations, even in cases of slightly turbid media, are generally not valid. 

The enz5une preparation was obtained from the flavedo of oranges, that is, from the outmost colored layer of the peel, by a two-step purification involving fractionating salt precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography. The peptide amidase had an activity of 2 to 100 U-mg , depending on the substrate, where an activity of 1 U corresponds to the formation of 1 pmol of product per minute at 30 °C and... 

Safflower seeds are normally cream to white, but since 1960, breeding has resulted in great variation in color, ranging from normal hull to thin hull (which tend to show part of the underlying colored layers) to types with gray, purple, or brown-striped hulls. Most of this research has been aimed at creating a thinner hull to increase oil content (Table 4). Although reduction of the hull fraction... 

A modification to the in situ procedure that permits isolation of additional dioxiranes has also been described <92JA1346>. In this work ketones with relatively low water solubilities are treated with the usual in situ conditions, but with some important modifications. The reaction medium is maintained cold with an ice-salt bath throughout the entire procedure. All handling of the dioxiranes is also done at these temperature conditions. The procedure has been used to synthesize cyclohexanone and related spiro dioxiranes. A key element of the procedure is the use of copious amounts of phosphate salts in order to salt out the dioxirane. This process leads to the separation of a second highly-colored layer containing the dioxirane in ketone (e.g. cyclohexanone) solution. These solutions contain concentrations of dioxirane (0.2-0.8 M) which are considerably higher that those obtained for the more volatile dioxiranes. The solutions may be used to obtain spectroscopic data on the dioxiranes or to carry out typical dioxirane reactions. 

Tablets may consist of one or two (differently colored) layers (Fig. 6.3-24), each providing a specific performance. They are the most compact delivery form of non-liquid...

Oxidation of metal layers deposited electrolytically or from a vapor on carriers other than the metal Itself. Occasionally, such surface layers show oxide modifications which are not known to occur in the pure material. In some metals the colored layers formed by strong oxidation are covered with needles or leaflets of the oxide [9]. The dimensions of these depend on the duration and the temperature of the oxidation. The rough surface thus produced may sometimes offer twice the normal specific surface [11]. 

Migration should not occur when organic pigments are used in paints that are applied in differently colored layers on top of each other. Resistance to migration depends on the pigment, binder, and solvent. 

The basecoat-clearcoat system is presently the most commonly used type of topcoat for cars because it is the standard application system for metallic colors. Today, about 70 % of all cars have metallic topcoats. The basecoat-clearcoat system consists of a colored layer (basecoat) which is overcoated after a short flash-oflf time with a protective layer of clearcoat. Both coats are cured together at 120-140 "C. The basecoat contains pigments which provide two types of finish solid (straight) colors or metallic. 

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