Safety performance observational

What explains the deterioration in safety performance observed in the mid-1980s ... 

Once the observations have been recorded, the data will be added to arrive at a total number of behaviors for each category. In this example, there were a total of six safe behaviors and two at-risk behaviors observed. Of the eight total behaviors that occurred, it was found that six were considered to be safe, so this task measured as 75% safe. Rather than focusing on failures, such as are measured by injury rates, this metric provides a proactive positive measurement of safety performance. Observations can be accumulated in a database or spreadsheet and measured over time with the goal of increasing the level of safe performance of jobs that occur. 

Using the nonlinear model substituting 0.915 p.gcm (the DFR value from the model 1 day after application) into Equation (6) yields a dose of 1.05 mgkg day" and an MOL from Equation (5) of 47, below the required value of 100 for margin of exposure. Performing the same calculation on the day 2 data gives a dose of 0.344 mg kg day and an MOE of 145, which is above the level of 100 required to establish a safe re-entry level. Therefore, a 2-day period is adequate to ensure worker safety. The observed values of 0.936 and 0.234 qg cm for days 1 and 2 match closely the values predicted by the model. 

Later, while researching for Chapter 24, Measurement of Safety Performance, I observed that companies with superior OSHA rates also had lower workers compensation costs than did other companies. I then wanted to determine whether the quality of investigation of hazards-related incidents would also be superior. (For this second study, it must also be said that the methodology used would not stand the test of good science.)... 

In Chapter 24, Measurement of Safety Performance, it is said that precise and certain measures of safety, health, and enviromnental performance are difficult to obtain. Nevertheless, audits can be highly effective measures of the quality of hazards management in place if they are well conceived and well done. I suggest keeping in mind the observation made by Kase and Wiese concerning the purpose of a safety audit ... 

A notion that is analogous to state-observability and, at the same time, is more directly related to the safety performance of a system is the concept of diag-nosability. In particular, the concept of diagnosability describes the intrinsic property of a system to reveal to an outside observer the concealed past behaviors of the system that may affect the future safety performance of the system. A number of techniques that implement failure diagnosis have appeared in the literature within the last three decades. For a discussion on failure diagnosis / detection techniques for dynamical systems the reader is referred to Willsky (1976) and Frank (1990) and the references therein. 

In the next section we extend the discussion on state-observability of CTDS to the Discrete Event System (DES) framework, which is more pertinent for the safety performance of complex engineering systems. 

To demonstrate the connection between observability / diagnos ability and the safety performance of the isomerization unit of the Texas City, BP Refinery within the DES framework, it suffices to model the accident sequence using nominal and hazardous states oidy. In particular, we assiune that initially the system was operating safely and according to the standard procedures (nominal state A).The accident (state... 

Since switching is inherently riskier than long-haul operations, the reduced emphasis on switching (all else being equal) should improve the safety performance of the railroad industry, particularly with respect to derailments and collisions. This hypothesized trend has actually been observed. However, it is also clear that the reduction in derailments and... 

There ate a number of methods that have been used for measuring safety performance in a specific organisation and its subsets or work units, such as departments and wards. Common methods such as observation, interviews and questionnaire surveys have not only been applied to achieve this, but special methods have also been developed. One of the special methods for this purpose is the Global Trigger Tool, which was developed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (Griffin and Resar 2009 IHI 2006). Some methods can make use of data that have been collected originally for other purposes and exploit the data to measure the safety performance of an organisation or its work units. A typical... 

Each of the safety performance measurement methods can be characterised as a combination of the following three facets (a) data source (b) identification procedrrre and (c) data category. Typical data sources for safety performance in healthcare are patient case records, incident reports, field data (for example, obtained by observation), and self-reported data (typically elicited by the use of a questiormaire or interview). 

Item Characteristic Curve (ICC) IRT is a group of measurement models that describe the mathematical relationship between underlying latent construct of safety culture and the uKhviduaPs performance (observed item responses) as a logistic function called an item characteristic curve (ICC). Each single item in a 5-point Likert-type response format is characterised by an ICC defined by the estimated slope parameter and 4 item location parameters representing the movement from the lower options to the higher options of the Likert scale. 

Critical behaviors are those behaviors that have been identified as being critical to safety performance in the workplace. These behaviors can be identified using one of four different sources incident reports, employee interviews, job observations, and review of work rules and procedure manuals. 

How would one implement a safety performance measurement program that utilizes discrete observation ... 

McSween observes that an organization may initiate a series of programs under the umbrella of an ongoing safety process (1995, p. 34). Krause emphasizes that continuous improvement is a factor that distinguishes a genuine process from a program (1997, p. 73). Ultimately, the purpose of behavioral safety is not simply to improve individual behaviors, but to positively impact the overall safety culture and related safety systems. As these goals are accomplished, safety performance will continually improve. 

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