Safe working system

To reduce the hazard from any of the above the risk to the individual must be assessed and, where necessary, a safe working system/procedure prepared and/or a permit to work issued. It follows that, whatever procedure is adopted, it can only be effective if closely monitored. 

The main focus of the model is on the system created by the work elements from the commencement of work to the creation of a hazard. The model and the choice of terminology have been chosen to clearly identify the accident causation process. This clarity is necessary for the pmpose of determining prevention strategies, accurate record keeping and risk communication, all necessary in decision making, training, education and the development of safe work systems. 

In order to have a safe working system, one can introduce a state machine, which reflects all important aspects of the information processing process, especially the distinction between hazardous and safe conditions. It is important to a state machine, which is as simple as possible. 

Competence of all persons carrying out electrical work to be verified by inspection of current certificates of training/ experience. Training required in safe work practices (HS(G)85), and in any written safe work system, also treatment of electric shock and bums. 

Rank order of methods to create safe working systems. 

Protect Workers and the Public. The reasons may not be eniirely altruistic because worker injury is detrimental to production. Furthermore, we are the workers and wish a safe working environment free of immediate or latent injury. This requires detailed analysis of the process systems to estimate frequency of failure and the consequences that could result. Generally if the workers are safe, the public is safe. 

It is our corporate policy to provide a safe work-place. We try to listen to our employees to understand what safety and environmental concerns they have, we believe we can improve in this area and this will be addressed in the redesigned system. 

These improvements are more likely to occur at the program and element level. For example, at one chemical company a group of senior operators took an initiative to redesign the work permit process that reduced the number of forms required, reduced the time required to issue a permit from an average of two hours to 30 minutes and improved the workplace monitoring needed to ensure a safe work environment. The reduction in the time to issue permits increased maintenance productivity by at least 10 percent, by reducing maintenance worker time spent waiting for permits. This more responsive system also reduced the number of instances where work went ahead without the appropriate permit. 

The benefits to be accrued from the implementation of a program of planned maintenance can be found in the efficient and economical operation of the plant and equipment and the utilization of resources (i.e. plant and equipment and manpower) while also maintaining a sound standard of safe working and environmental conditions for operators, other occupants and employees within the workplace. Maintenance systems vary, depending on the location of the plant and equipment and/or company policy. Systems can range from the complete maintenance of plant and equipment using all available methods to their replacement on failure. To meet the company s requirements it is then necessary to decide on the maintenance system that provides the most satisfactory benefits overall. 

Preparation of Equipment for Maintenance The essential feature of this procedure is a permit-to-work system The operating team members prepare the equipment and write down on the permit the work to be done, the preparation carried out, the remaining hazards, and the precautions necessary. The permit is then accepted by the person or group who will carry out the work and is returned when the work is complete. The permit system will not make maintenance 100 percent safe, but it reduces the chance that hazards will be overlooked, lists ways of controlling them, and informs those doing the job what precautions they should take. The... 

The clean-out operation, which had not been done in the previous 30 years, was not subjected to a hazard assessment to devise a safe system of work, and there were defects in the planning of and permit-to-work system of the operation. The task was largely handled locally with minimal reference to senior management and with lack of formal procedures, although such procedures existed for cleaning other still bases on the site. The permits were issued by a team leader who had not worked on the Meissner plant for 10 years prior to his appointment on September 7. At 10 15 a.m., he made out a permit for a fitter to remove the manlid. The fitter signed on about 11 10 a.m. and shortly after went to lunch. Operatives who were standing by offered to remove the manlid and the same team leader made out a permit for them to do so. When the fitter returned from lunch, it was realized that the still base inlet had not been isolated and a further permit was issued for this to be done. 

This optional attachment is used to promote continuous improvement of the entire safety management system. It is a checklist for anyone to use as a guide when auditing incident investigation activity. The facility from which this example was derived includes a similar checklist for each safe work practice at the site. 

For polyether-based polyurethane at 70 to 80°C, the properties are only 50% of the original, whereas at 110°C the value drops to about 20%. This gives a normal safe working temperature of 80°C. Figure 7.10 illustrates the aging effect on different cure systems. This working range can be increased by the use of isocyanates such as PPDI in the polyurethane (Chin et al., 1992). 

Each of these organisations has identified projects that they wanted to undertake in their specific areas of concern In summary the Tasks address the characterisation of the existing conditions at the site and it s facilities, the development of options to improve the situation and the development of facilities and systems to allow safe working at the... 

Students, workers, supervisors, managers, and administration should comply with the chemical safety management group/team. This is applicable to laboratories, university departments, factories, and industrial units where exposure to chemical substances is likely and precautions are necessary. People should be fully informed of the hazards involved and trained in appropriate safe working practices, globally harmonized system (GHS) for classification and labeling of chemicals, and first-aid measures. 

Teflon. This synthetic material is chemically inert, and has a safe working temperature of 120°C. It has a relatively high permeability to gases and is suitable for dynamic vacuum work, but is not recommended for static systems. Teflon (or P.T.F.E.) is a relatively deformable material, has a low coefficient of. friction and is eminently suitable for making seals in stopcocks and taps ... 

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