Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilization

While most appfications were performed in suspended cell cultures some authors showed that the application of NADH-dependent fluorescence monitoring is also possible in immobifized cell systems. Here the growth of Clostridium acetobutylicum and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in different calcium alginate structures was studied. However, calibration of the culture fluorescence signal with the biomass concentration was not possible but qualitatively an increasing biomass also led to an increase in the fluorescence signals. 

The method is based on the perturbation of the respiratory activity of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, immobilized on an agar gel containing the culture medium (i.e., agarized medium ), by the toxic test substance. Glucose is used as substrate while the substances tested consist of several metallic ions, phenols and cationic or anionic surfactants, pesticides and other toxics. 

Bag, H., A.R. Turker, M. Lale, and A. Tunceli. 2000. Separation and speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) with Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized on sepiolite and determination of both species in water by FAAS. Talanta 51 895-902. 

Genisheva Z., Macedo S., Mussatto S.I., Teixeira J.A. and Oliveira J.M. Production of white wine by Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized on grape pomace. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 118 (2)... 

Kopsahelis N., Papachronopoulos A., Bosnea L., Bekatorou A., Tzia C. and Kanellaki M. Alcohol production from sterilized and non-sterilized molasses by Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized on brewer s spent grains in two types of continuous bioreactor systems. Biomass and Bioenergy 46 (2012) 809-809. 

Laopaiboon L. and Laopaiboon P. Ethanol production from sweet sorghum juice in repeated-batch fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized on corncob. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 28 (2) (2012) 559-566. 

Razmovski R. and Vucurovic V. Bioethanol production from sugar beet molasses and thick juice using Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized on maize stem ground tissue. Fuel 92 (1) (2012) 1-8. 

Dhabhai R., Chamasia S.R and Dalai A.K. Efficient bioethanol production from glucose-xylose mixtures using co-culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized on Canadian pine wood chips and free Pichia stipitis. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 6 (5) (2012) 594-600. 

Chitosan matrix is known to be the superior matrix for immobilization of various biological organisms or its elements. Valerio et al. demonstrated high operational stability of invertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized on chitosan nanoparticles [394], Similarly Luo et al. explored electrochemically deposited chitosan hydrogel for horseradish peroxidase immobilization through gold nanoparticles self-assembly [395]. 

Valerio SG, Alves JS, Klein MP, Rodrigues RC, Hertz PR High operational stability of inver-tase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized on chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym. 2012 92(l) 462-8. 

Lipase (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) immobilized on Mg-Al hydrotalcite was examined for the transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol. Wth oil to methanol ratio of 1 4-5 at 45° C with 1.5% of catalyst gave a conversion of 96% in 4.5 h. This study showed that Mg-Al hydrotalcite is a good support for lipase immobilization as the activity of the lipase was retained after immobilization [79]. 

Najafpour, G.D., Younesi, H. and Ku Ismail, K.S., Ethanol Fermentation in Immobilized Cell Reactor (ICR) Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Bioresource Technology, vol. 92/3, 2004, pp. 251-260. 

Hyde FW, Hunt GR, Errede LA (1991) Immobilization of bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in poly (tetrafluoroethylene) membranes. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 219-222... 

J. L. Galazzo and J. E. Bailey, Fermentation pathway kinetics and metabolic flux control in suspended and immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 12(3), 162 172 (1990). 

The same behavior has already been observed with whole dehydrated cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae [11] or immobilized ADH in the gas phase [45]. It seems also that the cellular matrix increases the need for hydration to perform catalysis. 

Bressler, E., Pines, O., Goldberg, I. and Braun, S. (2002) Conversion of fumaric add to L-malic by sol-gel immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a supported liquid membrane bioreactor. Biotechnology Progress, 18, 445. 

Yadav, B. S., Rani, U., Dhamija, S. S., Nigam, R, and Singh, D. (1996), Process optimization for continuous ethanol fermentation by alginate-immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HAU-1, J. Basic Microbiol., 36, 205-210. 

Immobilied Cibacron Blue 3G-A has been found very efficient for the isolation of human serum albumin interferons produced in tissue cultures phosphogly-cerate kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and alcohol dehydrogenase from equine liver. Immobilized Procion Red HE-3B and Prcxaon Blue MX-4GD have been successfully applied for the isolation of 3-hydroxybutyrate and malate dehydrogenases... 

Ariga et al. [48] have investigated the behavior of the monolith reactor in which Echerichia coli with P-galactosidase or Saccharomyces cerevisiae was immobilized within a thin film of K-carragcenan gel deposited on the channel wall. The effects of mass transfer resistance and axial dispersion on the conversion were studied. Those authors found that the monolith reactor behaved like the plug-flow reactor. The residence-time distribution in this reactor was comparable to four ideally mixed tanks in series. The influence of gas evolution on liquid film resistance in the monolith reactor was also investigated. It was shown that at low superficial gas velocities, the gas bubble may adhere to the wall, which decreases the effective surface area available for the reaction. The authors concluded that the reactor was very effective in the reaction systems accompanied by gas evolution, such as fermentations. 

A notable exception to the voltammetric transduction of P450 has been reported by Kara et al. [312]. The authors used a fusion enzyme between rat P450 lAl monooxygenase and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreduc-tase expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is immobilized in an agarose layer on the gate of an ISFET for the monitoring of the o-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin to 7-hydroxycoiunarin. As depicted in Eq. (10.12), the... 

Mattiasson et al. (1983) used the ET for monitoring and control of a cultivation of immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, sucrose and ethanol were monitored on-line, and the data were used for computer-controlled sucrose feed. 

Fig. 6. Bacillus licheniformis cultivation. The ET with immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for monitoring metabolizable sugars...

Kemp and co-workers (K6) developed a colorimetric detection system that incorporates biotin into one (nested) primer and the sequence for a DNA-binding protein (e.g., the GCN4 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae) into the other primer. Amplified DNA is captured on an immobilized affinity reagent and the biotinylated product is detected with avidin-horseradish peroxidase and a chro-mogenic substrate. 

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