Saccharins special

Millions of organic compounds have now been synthesised from simpler materials. These substances include many that also occur in nature, such as vitamin C, as well as entirely new compounds. Some, such as cubane, are largely of theoretical Interest and give chemists the opportunity to study special kinds of bonding and reactivity. Others, such as the artificial sweetener saccharin and the drug aspirin have become a part of everyday life. 

Besides flour properly so-called, there are on the market prepared flours for special cooking purposes, for feeding infants, and for medicinal use, such as self-raising flour, oatmeal, gluten flour, milk flour, etc. In examining these products use is made of microscopic observation to ascertain the nature of the flour, and of the detection and determination of the sugars, saccharin, aromatic or colouring matters. Oat. meal, barley-meal, and the A.C, n. 49 4... 

The methods employed to determine these sugars in products containing them are in many cases the same, and they are consequently given below in the first part (General Methods). The second part Special Part) contains special indications and methods regarding each particular saccharine product. 

Saccharimeters.—For saccharine solutions use is made of polari-meters with a special graduation, these being termed saccharimeters. 

Elixirs are sweetened hydroalcoholic oral solutions that are specially formulated for oral use in infants and children. Digoxin, a non-ionizable cardiotonic glycoside, is practically insoluble in water and is solubilized in propylene glycol, 10% ethanol, flavor, sweetener, preservative, and buffers to 50pg/ml in Lanoxin Elixir Pediatric from which the oral bioavailability of digoxin is 70-85%. Phenobarbital, an anticonvulsant and sedative with an intrinsic water solubility of 1 mg/ml, is solubilized in water, 23% ethanol, glucose, sodium saccharin, and flavors to 3.5 mg/ml in Donnatal Elixir. 

Saccharine (only with special authorisation labelling)... 

The occurrence of crystalline melezitose in a European honey was established conclusively in 1929 by Nottbohm and Lucius the source of this honey was the honeydew of linden trees one recalls that Maquenne isolated melezitose from honeydew of the linden in 1893. In their second article they report crystalline melezitose in a honey (Larchen-honig), the source of which was honeydew from larch trees of Austria, as reported to them by the entomologist Ludwig Amhart of Vienna. Two articles by Arnhart are of special importance regarding the caus of the occurrence of larch manna or honeydew. His observations convinced him that the saccharine material is to be attributed to the activity of plant lice of several kinds and he remarks that one can be deceived easily because some species are detectable on larch twigs only by a very careful examination. In some seasons of drought the dry, white manna... 

Some special dietetic packs are prepared with artificial sweeteners. Saccharin, benzoylsulfonic imide has been used since the eighties of the last century. More recently a new nonnutritive substance, sucaryl, the sodium salt of cyclohexane-sulfonic acid, has been produced in two forms—Sucaryl sodium and Sucaryl calcium. The calcium type is proposed for those whose ordinary salt ration should... 

This work on the isomerization of D-glucose was responsible for the intensive interest which Sowden developed in saccharinic acids. From Schaffer s work, Sowden learned of the relative ease of isolation of saccharinic acids from isoraerized solutions. As a result, Miss Dorothy J. Kuenne was started on an investigation of the mechanism of formation of saccharinic acids, and the first report of this work was published in 1953. In the next few years, six additional investigations were reported in which specially labeled sugars played an important role. To Volume 12 of this Series, Sowden contributed a review on saccharinic acids which presents a clear and impressive account of the state of this complex area of sugar chemistry. 

Starting with (5)-1 -phenylethyl amine, a chiral sulfonyloxaziridine has been prepared by A,T-sul-fonylation and subsequent formation of an imine with an aromatic aldehyde (best example pentafluorobenzaldehyde). Oxidation leads to a 1 1 mixture of diastereomeric oxaziridines 77 which can be separated by HPLC76. The compounds behave similarly to the chiral camphor-derived sulfonyloxaziridines, as they are able to epoxidize alkenes not containing special functional groups with some enantioselectivity (Section D.4.5.2.1.). Another attractive starting material is cheap commercial saccharin. Reaction with alkyl- or aryllithium compounds leads to addition... 

In 1977, the Canadian government decided that sufficient evidence existed to ban the use of saccharin except for use with diabetics and others with special medical problems. The... 

Currenlty in India saccharine is sold at Rs. 700 (USD 110) per kg. The cost of the production is very high in view of the fact that one has to use twice the quantity of chloro sulphonic acid to the tune of 16 kg/kg of saccharine cost of which is equivalent to Rs. 150 (USD 2.25) per kg. In addition there is a high cost of utihties specially the chilling plant and operators manhours since the current process is batchwise. 

Stojkovic et al. [77] used superimposed hydrodynamic pumping to determine artificial sweeteners by CE with contactless conductivity detection employing a sequential injection manifold based on a syringe pump (Figure 24.7). As a result, aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin, and acesulfame-K could be determined concurrently, without requiring any special sample pretreatment. The analyses were carried out in an aqueous running buffer consisting of 150 mM 2-(cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid and 400 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane at pH 9.1 in order to render all analytes in the fully deprotonated anionic form. The use of surface modification to eliminate or reverse the electroosmotic flow was not necessary due to the superimposed bulk flow. 

Biamperometric titration of cyclamate was exploited by Fatibello-Fiho et al. [84,85]. These investigators developed an inexpensive laboratory-built selectable voltage source specially constructed for use in biamperometric titrations. It was made of very simple electronic components and its performance was tested and compared with a potentiostat/galvanostat equipment. The titrant-reagent system was sodium nitrite in 1.0 M phosphoric acid and there was no interference from glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, sorbitol, saccharin, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, fumaric acid. Sunset Yellow, and Bordeaux-S. 

In this article, 1 do not focus on the history of inventions and products of the Swiss chemical industry. It is sufficient to state that alizarin was the main product of the 1870s, until it was replaced by more specialized products, from 1885 on, mainly azo dyes. For pharmaceutical production, the most important products were antipyrine, saccharine, and alkaloids. I wish to thank Anthony Travis for improving my text. 

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